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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (9)
  • 1975-1979  (9)
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  • 1
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    Jovian electron propagation out of the solar equatorial plane - Pioneer 11 observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Jovian electron intensity in the energy range 2-7 MeV was measured along the trajectory of Pioneer 11 up to 16 deg heliographic latitude. These electrons have crossed the average direction of the interplanetary magnetic field, propagating normal to the solar equatorial plane, and their intensity continues to be modulated by corotating interaction regions over this latitude range. From these data, the electron diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the equatorial plane (K2 = 2 x 10 to the 20th sq cm/s) was derived to within a factor 2 using a three-dimensional diffusion-convection model and the values of the parallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients in the solar equatorial plane (Ky = 5 x 10 to the 22nd sq cm/s, K2 = 10 to the 21st sq cm/s, respectively), which had previously successfully described Jovian electron propagation near the equatorial plane from 1 to about 10 AU. These results indicate that the Jovian electron intensity may be very low at high solar latitudes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 2
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    Jupiter revisited - First results from the University of Chicago charged particle experiment on Pioneer 11 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The data obtained by Pioneer 11 confirmed results from Pioneer 10 and provided new information for an understanding of the physics of the Jovian magnetosphere. Attention is given to the significance of Pioneer 11 data in relation to two fundamentally different models which have been proposed to account for the variations in the electron flux observed in Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. Proton flux characteristics are considered, taking into account the intensity profiles of energetic particles trapped in the dipole region of Jupiter's magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 188; May 2
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  • 3
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    Jovian electron bursts - Correlation with the interplanetary field direction and hydromagnetic waves (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The bursts of relativistic electrons detected on Pioneer 10 upstream from Jupiter and within 400 Jovian radii of the planet have been found to be correlated with the interplanetary magnetic field. In three examples, electrons with energies between 3 and 6 MeV escaping from Jupiter's magnetosphere were observed only when the interplanetary magnetic field was along the Jupiter-spacecraft line. Large-amplitude interplanetary waves with characteristic periods of 10 min were found to be well correlated with intervals during which the field was along the Jupiter-spacecraft line. Abrupt changes in the field away from the preferred direction caused equally abrupt terminations of the waves with an accompanying reduction in the electron flux. These results are consistent with propagation of the electrons from Jupiter to Pioneer along the magnetic field lines. Hydromagnetic wave generation by Jovian charged particles, presumably the relativistic electrons themselves, as they travel upstream, appears to be an attractive explanation for the origin of the waves. At the observed frequency, hydromagnetic waves are Doppler-shifted to the gyrofrequency of the relativistic electrons. A plasma instability that appears capable of explaining the observations is a cyclotron overstability that occurs when the velocity of runaway electrons exceeds the velocity of hydromagnetic waves.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 4
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    Dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere and energetic particle radiation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Inferences are drawn from Jovian magnetosphere data acquired in the flybys of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. Data on the outer magnetosphere and the inner core, and on observed 10-hr variations in particle intensity, are summarized, with attention given to the immense size and complexity of the magnetosphere and the behavior of trapped charged particles. The data support the maintenance and acceleration of charged particles trapped in Jupiter's magnetic field by inward diffusion in violation of the third adiabatic invariant. Prodigious quantities of high-energy particles are found to escape from Jupiter into interplanetary space, and MHD waves in the circumjovian plasma are considered. Whether the 10-hr variations are spatial or temporal in origin is weighed in favor of the latter. Production and loss mechanisms for the particles, and the nature of the Jovian magnetosphere itself, are noted among questions remaining obscure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Colloquium on Jupiter: Studies of the interior, atmosphere, magnetosphere and satellites; May 19, 1975 - May 21, 1975; Tucson, AZ
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  • 5
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    Electron calibration of instrumentation for low energy, high intensity particle measurements at Mercury (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Unique identification of the high intensity, impulsively accelerated charged particle fluxes discovered during Mariner 10's first encounter with Mercury (March 1974) requires a detailed knowledge of the responses of the two University of Chicago charged particle telescopes to low energy fluxes over a wide dynamic range of flux levels. The results of detailed analyses show that these telescopes can separate and identify unambiguously the presence of electron and proton fluxes for a wide range of electron spectra and intensities in the relevant overall range of about 30 keV to 2 MeV.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 1
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  • 6
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    Modulation of Jovian electron intensity in interplanetary space by corotating interaction regions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Large-scale intensity variations of Jovian electrons in the energy range from 3 to 6 MeV persisting for several days were observed with instrumentation on the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft out to several AU from Jupiter along the pre- and post-planetary encounter trajectories. The corotating interaction regions (CIRs), found by Smith and Wolfe (1976) on these missions to be approximately 25-day recurring regions of enhanced magnetic fields bounded by jumps in solar-wind velocity and frequently shocks, are shown to be impenetrable 'barriers' for the Jovian electrons propagating in the interplanetary medium. Thus, the principal electron-intensity variations are due to the modulating effects of CIRs and are not due to either variations in escape rate of electrons from the magnetosphere or interplanetary electron acceleration. The implications for electron observations at the orbit of earth are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 211; Jan. 1
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  • 7
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    Characteristics of Jovian trapped electrons and protons for the region within 20 Jupiter radii and their interaction with Io (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A brief summary is given of Pioneer 10 observations of trapped particles in the inner-core region (within 20 Jupiter radii) of the Jovian magnetosphere. The three sensor systems used to study trapped radiation in this region are described. Intensity profiles are plotted as a function of magnetic-shell parameter (L) for electrons with energies of at least 3 MeV, protons with energies of at least 35 MeV, and protons with energies between 0.5 and 1.8 MeV. The effect of trapped-particle absorption by Io is clearly seen in the intensity profiles of all the observed particle species, and evidence is presented for preferential absorption of small-pitch-angle particles by Io. Conclusive evidence is given for the fact that Jupiter's trapped radiation is maintained by the inward diffusion of particles across L shells.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 8
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    On the distortion of the Jovian magnetic field R greater than about 40 Jovian radii as deduced from charged particle studies (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The relationship between the rotation of Jupiter's magnetic field and time variations in the intensity of nearly 6 to 30 MeV electrons observed by Pioneer 10 in the outer regions of Jupiter's magnetosphere is considered. The 6-30 MeV electron flux showed regular intensity variations with a period of approximately 10 hours. The behavior of this energetic electron flux is found to be most consistent with confinement of particles to a magnetic equatorial plane which is considerably distorted from the shape expected for rigid corotation of the magnetic field with Jupiter. The distortion is likely to arise from stresses resulting from interaction of the magnetosphere with the solar wind and from inertial effects of the magnetospheric plasma.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 9
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    Observations in interplanetary space of relativistic electrons from Jupiter (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Evidence for the presence of Jovian electrons in interplanetary space as much as 1 AU inside the orbit of Jupiter is summarized. Electron flux patterns at Pioneer 10 can only rarely be correlated with solar activity. Clear variations in intensity and spectrum with a period of 10 hrs are seen at varying distances from Jupiter, consistent with similar observations inside the magnetosphere. Extrapolated electron flux maxima and minima are in good agreement with the observed phase at distances as large as 80 million km from Jupiter, indicating rapid propagation of electrons from the planet. Anisotropy is greatest during the rising phase of the 10 hr variations and in a direction consistent with the interpretation of electrons traveling toward the sun along interplanetary spiral field lines. The propagation time calculated by Chenette's derivation is much larger than that implied by the data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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