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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of partial neutralization of formic acid silages with sodium bicarbonate on their volimtary intake by cattle and sheep (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 33 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In two 4 × 4 Latin Square experiments, one with dry cows and one with sheep, animals were given ad libitum early-cut ryegrass silages prepared using formic acid (2.31 t−1) as an additive. The silages were offered either untreated or partially neutralized with either a low (8 g kg−1 fresh weight) or high (16 g kg−1) level of sodium bicarbonate or with sodium bicarbonate solution (50 g kg−1) given as an intraruminal infusion at a rate sufficient to provide bicarbonate at a rate similar to that provided by the high level of dietary addition.In cows the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a depression in the intake of organic matter which at the high level of addition of bicarbonate was statistically significant (P 〈 0.05). In sheep the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a slight increase in the intake of organic matter but the efFects were non-significant (P 〉 0.05). In both species water intake increased directly with the quantity of bicarbonate ingested.In both experiments the bicarbonate treatments increased rumen pH but there were no significant treatment effects on the concentration of ammonia or of total or individual short-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid. In sheep, bicarbonate addition or infusion had no effect on the digestibility of organic matter but at the high levels of bicarbonate supplementation there was a tendency for the digestibility of nitrogen to be depressed.In two further experiments each with two dry cows determinations were made of the effects on food intake of (a) the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and (b) the removal of digesta from the rumen. Treatment (a) produced consistent and significant (P 〈 0.05) depressions in dry matter intake and treatment (b) increased (P 〈 0.05) dry matter intake in one cow but not in the other.The lack of significant improvement in silage intake through the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet indicated that the acidity of the silage was not a major factor limiting appetite. On the other hand, the effects of the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and of the removal of digesta from the rumen on feed intake were consistent with appetite being controlled through a rumen-fill mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1978.tb00814.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digestion in the stomach and intestines of sheep receiving diets of red clover silage with various supplements (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 31 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three castrated male sheep fitted with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae were used in a 3×3 Latin Square experiment to investigate the digestion of three diets of red clover silage with supplementary concentrates containing barley or barley and groundnut meal or barley and urea. The supplements were designed to be isocaloric and the groundnut meal and barley-urea mixtures to be isonitrogenous.There were no significant (P 〉0.05) differences between treatments in the digestibility of organic matter (mean value 71.2%) or in the percentage of dietary organic matter digested in the stomach (mean value 53.6%) and diiferences between treatments in the concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids in the rumen were small. The nitrogen intake for the barley treatment was 19.41 g/d and that for the groundnut meal and barley-urea treatments were 23.36 g/d and 23.05 g/d respectively. Corresponding figures for the duodenal flows of nitrogen were 21.97 g/d, 21.48 g/d and 21.14 g/d and for the faecal losses of nitrogen were 7.09 g/d, 6.98 g/d and 6.92 g/d. As a consequence, although the diets supplied quite different amounts of digestible crude protein they supplied similar amounts of crude protein digested in the intestines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1976.tb00784.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of physical form of a silage on its voluntary consumption and digestibility by sheep (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 31 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Six castrated male sheep were used in a two-period crossover experiment to investigate the effect of mincing on the voluntary intake and digestibility of a silage. The silage was a high-quality material, containing 68 % digestihle organic matter in the dry matter, prepared from S24 perennial ryegrass cut with a precision chop forage harvester and ensiled with the addition of 2.3 1 t−1 formic acid as preser vative. The median size of particles in the unprocessed silage was 10–20 mm and in the minced silage 2–3 mm.The intakes of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen for the minced silage were greater than for the unminced material, and for dry matter and organic matter intakes the differences were signi ficant (P〈0.01). Mincing was associated, however, with a depression in the digestibility of all three constituents which offset the increase in intake. The intakes of digestible organic matter were 817 g d-1 for the minced silage and 729 g d−1 for the unminced material (P〉0.05). Corresponding figures for digestible nitrogen intakes were 208 gd−1and23.0 gd−1 (P〉005).It is concluded that with high-quality silage diets there is a physical component in the mechanism for the control of voluntary food intake. It is suggested that for sheep, depressions in the digestibility of dietary constituents are unlikely to occur until silages are chopped to a median particle size of 5–10 mm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1976.tb01110.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF METHIONINE ON THE VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF GRASS SILAGE BY SHEEP (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 30 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of intravenous supplements of L-methionine on the voluntary intake of a ryegrass silage, prepared using formic acid as an additive, was determined in a 4×4 Latin Square experiment with 4 sheep. Animals receiving no methionine consumed 1061 g DM/day; those receiving 0.8, 1.2 and 2.0 g methionine/day consumed 1015, 1012 and 1078 g DM/day. The concentration of methionine in blood plasma (Y; (imoles/I) increased with the dose rate of methionine infused (X; g/day) such that Y=36.7 + 38.3X (r=0.80; P〈0.001). It is concluded that with a diet of this type methionine may be limiting for protein synthesis in the tissues but is not involved in the control of food intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1975.tb01382.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FIELD EVALUATION OF SOME PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT TECHNIQUES (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 13 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Public involvement in water resources planning is receiving much current attention, and there is a need to examine systematically how different public involvement techniques work in practice. The following techniques were among those used to involve the public in a recent Corps of Engineers’study of flooding on San Pedro Creek in Pacifica, California: a public workshop, citizen information bulletins (CIBs) and questionnaries. Interviews were held with 75 study participants to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques. The interviews indicated that various study participants felt positively about the particular workshop format employed and about the use of a communications specialist to train workshop leaders. There were mixed reactions to the effectiveness of the CIBs and questionnaires. Although many individual citizens felt that the CIBs and questionnaires were useful, some of the Corps planners felt that CIBs and questionnaires would only be “cost-effective” on large studies and/or where the questionnaire response rate was high. The interviews led to a number of specific suggestions regarding how the extent of public involvement could be increased in future water resources planning studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02085.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of Ground-Water Protection Methods for Illinois Landfills (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 13 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The City of Champaign, Illinois, began controlled landfilling of its municipal refuse as early as 1904. Since that time, the disposal of solid wastes by sanitary landfilling has developed from a desirable concept, seldom utilized, to a science, carefully implemented and regulated. Illinois is typical of an area of humid continental climate whose citizens and industries depend heavily on ground-water supplies developed from both nearsurface and bedrock aquifers. Seasonal water-table fluctuations may be large in some parts of the State, but ground water is seldom far below the surface. Special problems are often encountered in design of protective systems and development of monitoring programs for solid waste disposal sites in this area to safeguard valuable ground-water resources. Critical decisions, often involving considerable time and expense to the disposal site operator, must frequently be made by regulatory agencies responsible for licensing and surveillance of solid waste disposal sites in such a hydrogeologic environment. These problems have been compounded by the fact that State regulatory agencies have only recently realized the importance of hiring hydrogeologists, soil scientists, chemists and engineers to effectively implement and enforce their environmental control programs relating to solid waste disposal.This paper summarizes the experience in Illinois of development of a rational program for protection of the State's ground and surface water from the indiscriminant disposal of solid wastes. Classes of solid waste sites recognized in the State and their position in terms of the hydro-geologic environment are presented. Means of controlling landfill leachate, either by natural renovation in subsurface materials or by engineered collection and treatment are discussed. Examples are presented which illustrate the in-field implementation of protective systems and monitoring devices for ground water in Illinois, which should be generally applicable to other areas of the country of similar geology and climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03595.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANALYSIS OF NEW TECHNIQUES FOR PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN WATER PLANNING (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 11 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The growing demands by the public for a more active role in planning have recently generated considerable interest among researchers and planners in the subject of public involvement techniques. Numerous surveys have found that standard public participation techniques (e.g., public hearings) by themselves are considered inadequate. Several techniques that have potential for overcoming some of the limitations of standard public involvement techniques have recently been developed. This paper describes several of these new techniques and analyzes each of them in terms of their potential utility in water resources planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1975.tb00684.x
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