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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encystment of zoospores of the fungus,Phytophthora cinnamomi, is induced by specific lectin and monoclonal antibody binding to the cell surface (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 133 (1986), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell surface ; Flagella ; Lectins ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Phytophthora cinnamomi ; Zoospore encystment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Only two of a number of macromolecules that bind to the surface of zoospores of the dieback fungus,Phytophthora cinnamomi, induce encystment when added to a suspension of actively swimming zoospores. One, the lectin Concanavalin A (ConA), binds to the entire surface of the zoospores including the surface of both flagella. Within 10 minutes more than 70% of the cells have encysted in the presence of 5 μg/ml ConA. This encystment is inhibited by preincubation of the lectin with its hapten sugar, α-methyl-D-mannoside. The other effective molecule, a monoclonal antibody designated Zf-1, is one of 35 that have been raised to components on the surface of zoospores and cysts ofP. cinnamomi. The antigen for Zf-1 occurs only on the surface of the two flagella. Purified Zf-1 at 15 μg/ml causes encystment of 75% of the zoospores in 13minutes. To show that the induction of encystment by these two probes is not due simply to the presence of protein either in solution or bound to the zoospore a number of other proteins were tested, including other antibodies that bind to the zoospore surface. None of these other molecules caused encystment even at concentrations greater than 200 μg/ml. The results are consistent with the surface components that bind ConA and Zf-1 being involved in the critical step of triggering encystment at the surface of a potential host during infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01304632
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoclonal antibodies to surface and cytoskeletal components of the spermatozoid ofPteridium aquilinum (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 142 (1988), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Basal body ; Cytoskeleton ; Microtubule ; Immunoflu orescence ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Pteridium ; Spermatozoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Detergent extracted spermatozoids of the fernPteridium aquilinum were used as mixed antigen preparations for raising monoclonal antibodies in order to obtain reagents for detecting as yet uncharacterized components of the plant cytoskeleton. Selected antibodies were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy of developing spermatids and mature spermatozoids. Some reacted directly with fixed cells, others required permeabilization treatments with cold methanol or Triton X-100. AntibodiesPas2D9 andPas6D7 bind to glycoprotein antigenic determinants that are exposed on the surface of the plasma membrane. Several antibodies interact with cytoskeletal components.Pas1D3,Pas5D8 andPas5F4 bind to the cytoskeleton of permeabilized cells including the flagella. Three react specifically with the flagellar band or associated components:Pas2G6 reacts with the whole flagellar band but shows a prominent binding to basal bodies,Pas5E2 binds exclusively to basal bodies, andPas5E7 detects mitochondria associated with the flagellar band. Cross-reactions to wheat root tip cells at different stages of the cell cycle are described inMarc andGunning (1988).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01273221
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterising adhesiveness ofPhytophthora cinnamomi zoospores during encystment (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 149 (1989), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adhesion ; Calcium ; Lectins ; Phytophthora cinnamomi ; Secretion ; Zoospore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During encystment,Phytophthora cinnamomi zoospores bind firmly to the host surface. We have developed a microassay to study adhesion of the zoospores to solid surfaces, both biological and non-biological. The results show that timing of the acquisition of adhesiveness during encystment correlates closely with the secretion of high molecular weight glycoproteins. The adhesive phase is short lived, occurring between 1 and 4 min after induction of encystment. During this period, cells that come into contact with a variety of surfaces (glass, plastic, and onion epidermis) become firmly attached, while cells that come into contact with one of these substrata after this period are unable to bind. Our results also show that EGTA inhibits cyst adhesion, while addition of calcium promotes cyst adhesion, especially of cysts more than 4 min old. To help identify the cyst surface component involved in adhesion we tested a number of lectins for their ability to block cyst adhesion. Soybean agglutinin andHelix pomatia agglutinin, lectins which bind to the secreted high molecular weight glycoproteins, both inhibit adhesion in the presence and absence of the hapten sugar, indicating that inhibition was non-specific. Wheatgerm agglutinin, a lectin which does not bind to the cyst surface, also blocked adhesion non-specifically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623979
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule organization during development of stomatal complexes inLolium rigidum (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 149 (1989), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cryosections ; Immunofluorescence ; Lolium ; Microtubules ; Stomata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microtubule (MT) arrays in stomatal complexes ofLolium have been studied using cryosectioning and immunofluorescence microscopy. This in situ analysis reveals that the arrangement of MTs in pairs of guard cells (GCs) or subsidiary cells (SCs) within a complex is very similar, indicating that MT deployment is closely coordinated during development. In premitotic guard mother cells (GMCs), MTs of the transverse interphase MT band (IMB) are reorganized into a longitudinal array via a transitory array in which the MTs appear to radiate from the cell edges towards the centre of the walls. Following the longitudinal division of GMCs, cortical MTs are reinstated in the GCs at the edge of the periclinal and ventral walls. The MTs become organized into arrays which radiate across the periclinal walls, initially from along the length of the ventral wall and later only from the pore site. As the GCs elongate, the organization of MTs and the patterns of wall expansion differ on the internal and external periclinal walls. A final reorientation of MTs from transverse to longitudinal is associated with the elongation and constriction of GCs to produce mature complexes. During cytokinesis in the subsidiary mother cells (SMCs), MTs appear around the reforming nucleus in the daughter epidermal cells but appear in the cortex of the SC once division is complete. Our results are thus consistent with the idea that interphase MTs are nucleated in the cell cortex in all cells of the stomatal complex but not in adjacent epidermal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322979
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule reorganization, cell wall synthesis and establishment of the axis of elongation in regenerating protoplasts of the algaMougeotia (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 135 (1986), S. 130-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Alga ; Cell wall ; Immunofluorescence ; Microtubules ; Mougeotia ; Protoplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microtubule reorganization and cell wall deposition have been monitored during the first 30 hours of regeneration of protoplasts of the filamentous green algaMougeotia, using immunofluorescence microscopy to detect microtubules, and the cell-wall stain Tinopal LPW to detect the orientation of cell wall microfibrils. In the cylindrical cells of the alga, cortical microtubules lie in an ordered array, transverse to the long axis of the cells. In newly formed protoplasts, cortical microtubules exhibit some localized order, but within 1 hour microtubules become disordered. However, within 3 to 4 hours, microtubules are reorganized into a highly ordered, symmetrical array centered on two cortical foci. Cell wall synthesis is first detected during early microtubule reorganization. Oriented cell wall microfibrils, co-aligned with the microtubule array, appear subsequent to microtubule reorganization but before cell elongation begins. Most cells elongate in the period between 20 to 30 hours. Elongation is preceded by the aggregation of microtubules into a band intersecting both foci, and transverse to the incipient axis of elongation. The foci subsequently disappear, the microtubule band widens, and microfibrils are deposited in a band which is co-aligned with the band of microtubules. It is proposed that this band of microfibrils restricts lateral expansion of the cells and promotes elongation. Throughout the entire regeneration process inMougeotia, changes in microtubule organization precede and are paralleled by changes in cell wall organization. Protoplast regeneration inMougeotia is therefore a highly ordered process in which the orientation of the rapidly reorganized array of cortical microtubules establishes the future axis of elongation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01277006
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubules and the flagellar apparatus in zoospores and cysts of the fungusPhytophthora cinnamomi (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 109-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell surface ; Flagellar apparatus ; Fungal zoospores ; Immunofluorescence ; Microtubules ; Phytophthora cinnamomi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A correlated immunofluorescence and ultrastructural study of the microtubular cytoskeleton has been made in zoospores and young cysts ofPhytophthora cinnamomi. Labelling of microtubules using antibodies directed towards tubulin has revealed new details of the arrangement of the flagellar rootlets in these cells, and of the variability that occurs from cell to cell. Most of the variation exists at the distal ends of the rootlets, and may be correlated with differences in cell shape in these regions. The rootlets have the same right and left configuration in all zoospores. The arrangement of the rootlet microtubules at the anterior end of the zoospores raises the possibility that the microtubules on the left hand side of the groove may not comprise an independent rootlet which arises at the basal bodies. The absolute configuration of the flagellar apparatus has been determined from ultrastructural observations of serial sections. In the vicinity of the basal bodies, there is little, if any, variation between individuals, and the structure of the flagellar apparatus is similar to that described for related species of fungi. Two ribbon-like coils surround the central pair of microtubules at the distal tip of the whiplash flagellum, and clusters of intramembranous particles, similar to ciliary plaques, have been found at the bases of both flagella. There are two arrays of microtubules associated with the nucleus in the zoospores. One array lies next to the outer surface of the nuclear envelope, and probably functions in the shaping and positioning of the apex of the nucleus. The nuclear pores in this region are aligned in rows alongside these microtubules. The second array is formed by kinetochore microtubules which extend into a collar-like arrangement of chromatin material around the narrow end of the (interphase) nucleus. During encystment, all flagellar rootlets are internalized when the flagella are detached at the terminal plate. The rootlets arrays are no longer recognizable 5–10 minutes after the commencement of encystment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281146
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