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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 23 (1989), S. 527-577 
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 10 (1974), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une série d'essais de photo-élasticité à trois dimensions a été conduite sur des plaques comportant des fissures traversantes, sollicitées en flexion avec une composante de traction suffisante pour éviter que les fissures ne se referment du côté comprimé de la plaque. Les géométries des plaques fissurées ont été choisies de sorte à couvrir la gamme de la transition “mince” à “épais”. Des tranches ont été découpées parallèlement aux surfaces de la plaque, après que l'on eût figé les contraintes dans le matériau. Ces tranches ont été analysées par photo-élasticité, et des fonctions correspondant aux distributions des facteurs d'intensité des contraintes ont été évaluées expérimentalement. Les résultats ont été comparés avec la théorie de G. C. Sih. L'accord est excellent pour les tôles fissurées correspondant aux géométries “minces”. Ils divergent progressivement au fur et à mesure que l'on passe à des géométries “épaisses”. Pour tous les cas étudiés, l'emploi d'une distribution linéaire de la fonction représentant le facteur d'intensité des contraintes au travers de l'épaisseur de la plaque apparaît satisfaisant.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von dreidimensionalen photoelastischen Versuchen wurden auf Platten, die durchgehende Risse enthalten, unter Biegebelastung und genügendem Zug um das Schließen auf der Druckseite der Platte zu verhindern, ausgeführt. Die Dimensionen der gerissenen Platten wurden so gewählt daß sie das Übergangsgebiet “dünn auf dick” enthalten. Man machte Streifen paralell zu den Plattenoberflächen im spannungsgefrohrenen Material um die Teile um die Rißspitze zu entfernen. Die Streifen wurden photoelastisch untersucht und man stellte experimentelle Funktionen auf, die der Verteilung der Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren über die Plattendicke entsprechen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der Theorie von G. C. Sih verglichen. Die Übereinstimmung war ausgezeichnet für “dünne” Platten mit Rissen. Für “dickere” Platten mit Rissen gehen die Ergebnisse progressiv auseinander. Für alle untersuchten Fälle erwies sich die Anwendung einer linearen Verteilung der Spannungsintensitätsfaktorenfunktion über die dicke der Platte als zufriedenstellend.
    Notes: Abstract A series of three-dimensional photoelastic experiments were conducted on plates containing through cracks which were loaded in bending with sufficient extension to prevent closure on the compressive side of the plate. Cracked plate geometries were selected so as to span the transitional “thin to thick” range. Slices were made parallel to the plate surfaces in the stress frozen material so as to remove the region around the crack tips. These slices were analyzed photoelastically and functions were evaluated experimentally corresponding to stress intensity factor distributions through the plate thickness. Results were compared with the theory of G. C. Sih. Agreement was excellent with theory for “thin” cracked plate geometries. For “thicker” cracked plate geometries results diverged progressively. For all cases studied, the use of a linear distribution of the stress intensity factor function through the plate thickness appeared to be satisfactory.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 6 (1985), S. 669-708 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contraction in vertebrate smooth and striated muscles results from the interaction of the actin filaments with crossbridges arising from the myosin filaments. The functions of the actin based thin filaments are (1) interaction with myosin to produce force; (2) regulation of force generation in response to Ca2+ concentration; and (3) transmission of the force to the ends of the cell. The major protein components of smooth muscle thin filaments are actin, tropomyosin and caldesmon, present in molar ratios of 28:4:1 respectively. Other smooth muscle proteins which may be associated with the thin filaments in the cell are filamin, vinculin, α-actinin, myosin light chain kinase and calmodulin. We have reviewed the structural and functional properties of these proteins and where possible we have suggested what their function and mechanism of action may be. We propose that actin and tropomyosin are involved in the force producing interaction with myosin, and that this interaction is controlled by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism involving caldesmon, tropomyosin and calmodulin. Vinculin, α-actinin and filamin appear to be involved in the attachment of the thin filaments to the cell membrane and their spatial organization within the cell. We conclude that the filaments of smooth muscles share many common properties with those from skeletal muscle, but that they are also quite distinct in terms of both their caldesmon based regulatory mechanism and their mode of organization into a contractile apparatus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 3 (1972), S. 260-264 
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Xenon trioxide was compared for toxicity in the few common oxidants using three bioassays. On a molar basis XeO3 and HOCl were similar, but XeO3 was less active than expected when comparisons were based on normality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 14 (1986), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dispersion effects in bacteriorhodopsin both in suspension and incorporated into liposomes have been studied by measuring the changes in the dielectric properties induced by electric and magnetic fields at low and medium frequencies. The samples exhibit very high values of relative permittivity and dielectric loss. Dispersions have been measured up to 200 kHz and are believed to be due to the reorientation of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore within the membrane fragments. A study of relaxation times vs temperature shows a transition at 28°C, the same temperature as found using other techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 12 (1972), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A controlled-strain apparatus capable of performing the tests essential to establishing the yield locus of polycarbonate was designed and built. Material characterization tests were performed in the form of uniaxial strain rate, creep, isotropy, isoclinic and reloading tests. The yield locus for polycarbonate was determined and an analytical expression in the form of a hypotrochoid was developed. Yield locus results indicate that, although polycarbonate is not a Mises material, the yield locus may be approximated by a circle over a substantial range of Lode’s variable. Tests were run on large plates with holes. Good correlation with two-dimensional theory was obtained in the elastic zone and in the plastic zone where plastic strains were small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 6 (1970), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux séries d'essais photoélastiques recourant à la technique du gel des déformations ont été exécutées en vue d'évaluer la fermeture et l'ouverture précatastrophique de fissures dans des tôles soumises à flexion cylindrique. Les données recueillies ont été comparées à la théorie de Hartranft-Sih afin d'obtenir des résultans quantitatifs. On a trouvé que la fermeture de la fissure sur la portion comprimée de la tôle provoque des contraintes élastiques du côté tendu qui sont quelque pen plus élevées que celles prévues par le modèle mathématique, dans le cas de fissures traversant la tôle de part en part. Lorsque l'on se trouve dans des conditions d'extension précatastrophique d'une fissure sur le côté tendu d'une tôle, il se produit une relaxation des contraintes dont l'effet est de neutraliser l'effet d'intensification de la contrainte resultant de la fermeture de la fissure. Dans le cas de fissures courtes et quasi carrées, des effets tridimensionnels se font jour, qui réduisent également les effets d'intensification des contraintes dûs à la fermeture.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei Reihen von photoelastischen Versuchen gefahren, wobei die Methode des Einfrierens der Verformung angewandt wurde. Ziel dieser Versuche war es, das Schließen und das vorkatastrophale Ōffnen von Rissen in zylindrischen Biegebeanspruchungen unterworfenen Blechen abzuschätzen. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse wurden mit der Hartranft-Sih-Theorie verglichen, im Hinblick auf die Erzielung quantitativer Resultate. Es zeigte sich, daß für Risse, welche die Bleche von Rand zu Rand durchlaufen, die Schließung auf der Druckseite, elastische Spannung auf der Zugseite hervorruft, deren Werte leicht oberhalb den durch das mathematische Modell bestimmten fegen. Unter den Bedingungen der vorkatastrophalen Ausdehnung eines Risses auf der Spannungen auf, welches den durch die Schließung des Risses bewirkten Spannungsanstieg ausgleicht. Für kurze, annähernd viereckige Risse, treten dreidimensionale Effekte auf, welche ebenfalls die durch die Schließung bewirkte Spannungserhöhung verringern.
    Notes: Abstract Two sets of photoelastic experiments employing stress freezing were performed in order to evaluate closure and precatastrophic extension of cracks in plates under cylindrical bending. Data were compared with the Hartranft-Sih theory in order to obtain quantitative results. It was found that crack closure on the compressive side of the plate produced somewhat larger local elastic stresses on the tensile side of the plate for straight through cracks than predicted by the mathematical model. When precatastrophic extension was allowed on the tension side of the plate, accompanying stress relaxation neutralized the stress intensification effect of closure. For short, nearly square cracks, three-dimensional effects appeared to reduce the stress intensification effects due to closure.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 39 (1989), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On expose brièvement une méthode optique consistant à appliquer en parallèle la photo-élasticité sous contraintes figées et l'interférométrie sur bandes de Moiré à hautes densités, pour l'étude des effets tridimensionnels dans les solides fissurés. On utilise ensuite cette méthode à la mesure de l'eigenvalue dominante à l'intersection suivant un angle droit d'un front de fissure droit avec une surface libre, sous une sollicitation de Mode I. On détermine également la variation de l'eigenvalue dans une zone de transition au voisinage de la surface libre. Le résultat relatif à cette dernière est en bonne concordance avec les résultats analytiques.
    Notes: Abstract A refined optimal method consisting of the tandem application of frozen stress photoelasticity and high density moire interferometry for studying three dimensional effects in cracked bodies is briefly reviewed. It is then employed to measure the dominant eigenvalue at the right angle intersection of a straight front crack with a free surface under mode I loading. The variation of the eigenvalue through a transition zone near the free surface is also determined. The free surface result is found to be in agreement with analytical results.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 28 (1988), S. 194-200 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper uses the Newman-Raju model, the Paris crack-growth-rate law and a fixedR ratio to demonstrate the analytical considerations associated with predicting stress-intensity distributions and fatigue crack growth of surface flaws under conditions of small-scale yielding. Subsequently, problems which lie outside the realm of the model used in the analytical description are presented. It is concluded that, while the model employed provides remarkable predictive capability in a variety of surface-flaw problems, many exceptional cases remain to be modeled.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 11 (1971), S. 394-401 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Using the technique of stress freezing and slicing, a set of photoelastic experiments was conducted on plates, each containing a single through internal crack in a remote cylindrical bending field, where each crack suffered precatastrophic extension on the tensile side of the plate as well as closure on the compression side. Resulting stresses were compared with the Sih-Hartranft theory. Results indicate substantial stress relaxation near the tensile side of the plate due to precatastrophic extension. It is concluded that: (1) the Sih-Hartranft theory may be used to estimate local elastic stresses on the tensile side of the plate even when closure and precatastrophic extension occur; (2) complex coupling of closure and precatastrophic extension effects preclude the use of simple correction factors for existing mathematical models except for relatively small precatastrophic extension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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