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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel method for deposition of in situ arsenic-doped polycrystalline silicon using conventional low pressure chemical vapor deposition systems (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 2809-2811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We studied low pressure chemical vapor deposition of in situ arsenic-doped silicon films using a standard vertical thermal reactor. The films were deposited as a stack of doped and undoped layers for a targeted thickness. The redistribution of the dopant was achieved with postanneals in a rapid thermal processor. We fabricated stacked capacitors to study depletion capacitance effects. This deposition method is easily integrated for high volume production of thicker polycrystalline silicon films used for dynamic random access memory cell capacitor plates in complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. Using this method, we achieved thickness and sheet resistance nonuniformities of less than 3% for deposited and subsequently annealed films. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112573
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    APPLICATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE ARGUMENTS TO STABLE CRACK GROWTH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Energy dissipation rate, D, and crack tip opening angle (CTOA) have been related for large amounts of ductile crack growth in a fully plastic two-dimensional model of real elastic plastic material. Several J-type rising R-curves have been constructed and related, some based on the cumulative energy dissipated and some as a characterising term that relates closely to the far-field J contour value. These two meanings co-exist but the relationship is geometry dependent. For deep notch bend (DNB) cases the non-dimensional group Lα/r* (where L is normalised load, α is CTOA and r* defines the position of the instantaneous centre of rotation) governs the value of dJ. Certain DNB cases where R-curves vary with size are resolved by this group rather than by CTOA itself whereas for centre-cracked tension there is a higher value of CTOA than for DNB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1994.tb01402.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A MICRO AND MACRO APPROACH TO THE ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE MODEL OF STABLE DUCTILE CRACK GROWTH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The equations for the energy dissipation rate, D per unit area of crack growth, for plasticity and fracture combined, are presented for equilibrium crack extension in a real elastic-plastic material. These relationships are a necessary condition for stable growth. The term D is identical to G for lefm and to the rate at which work is done for the rigid-plastic limit. Crack growth is seen at both micro- and macro-levels as a two stage process of damage accumulation in a process zone followed by actual separation as a micro-instability at the crack tip. Some examples of the behaviour of ductile metals are cited in support at both micro- and macro-level. For the fully plastic case, D reduces strongly with growth. Relationships with conventional rising R-curves are stated for contained and uncontained yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1994.tb00837.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    APPLICATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE ARGUMENTS TO DUCTILE INSTABILITY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Equations are established for the final macro-unstable behaviour of a fully plastic cracked component in terms of the energy dissipation rate. Control by this first differential of energy occurs when the second differential of the energy absorbed is negative, a condition easily met for crack growth in certain fully plastic cases. The driving force for the instability is a term, I that becomes greater than the lefm term, G, as plasticity occurs. The additional component is an exchange of elastic to plastic energy, a term that is system dependent and is thus the main driving force for a fully plastic ductile instability. A possible relevance to brittle fracture and to a system dependence of both initiation toughness and the whole crack growth resistance curve is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1994.tb01403.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GEOMETRY INDEPENDENT R-CURVES IN A TITANIUM ALLOY USING A NORMALISED AXIS FOR CRACK GROWTH (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 13 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Data from a study of the effect of geometric variation on J-R curves for a titanium alloy in three-point bending are presented up to large amounts of growth. Four series are reported, various widths, various a/W ratios, various thicknesses and various absolute sizes, all failing in the limit load regime by stable tearing. Analysis is made in terms of Jm-R curves, adjusted to a common initiation toughness, J1, to clarify the effects of geometry. Strong trends are then found with absolute size over a four fold range and with width over a two fold range; a weaker trend with a/W over a four fold range but practically none with thickness over a nine fold range. Many of these trends are different from those reported for other more ductile materials but consistent in some cases with those reported for another high strength material, HY130. All the deep notch cases (14 tests) reduce to a single group when plotted as Jm against a normalised abscissa, Δa/bo, with a very slight trend to a higher curve for the thinner pieces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1990.tb00582.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On animal models for studying bone adaptation (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 316-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310412
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic anisotropy of bone (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 381-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acoustic microscopy ; Bone ; Collagen fiber ; Elastic anisotropy ; Mineral crystal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has long been thought that collagen fibers within the bone matrix are deposited in an aligned pattern that channels mineral growth. If this model of bone structure is correct, both organic and inorganic phases of bone should have similar elastic anisotropy. Using an acoustic microscope, we measured longitudinal and transverse acoustic velocities of cortical specimens taken from 10 dog femurs before and after removal of either the mineral (using 10% EDTA) or collagen phases (using 7% sodium hypochlorite) and calculated longitudinal (CL) and transverse (CT) elastic coefficients. The anisotropy ratio (CL/CT) decreased significantly after demineralization (1.61 before versus 1.06 after, P〈0.0001, paired t-test). However, there was no significant change after decollagenization (1.51 before versus 1.48 after, P=0.617, paired t-test). We conclude that the orientation of mineral crystals is the primary determinant of bone anisotropy, and the collagen matrix within osteonal bone has little directional orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299319
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of prior use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on renal function and transfusion requirements after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal bleeding ; NSAID ; renal function ; blood transfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility has been investigated that, after admission to hospital with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, patients who have been users of aspirin and non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have poorer baseline renal. function, a greater improvement in renal function during their hospital stay, and a larger transfusion requirement than non-users. Patients over 50 years of age admitted to public hospitals with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding were studied. Creatinine clearance was estimated from serum creatinine and the transfusion requirement was recorded as the number of units of blood transfused on Day 1 and throughout the entire hospital stay. Data were obtained prospectively from case notes and by structured interview. Users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were significantly older than non-users. The estimated creatinine clearance on admission to hospital declined with age. Creatinine clearance was 13.2 (95 % CI 6.0 to 20.4) ml · min' lower in users than non-users of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the difference was attributable to the older age of the drug users rather than to the drugs themselves. On average, the increase in creatinine clearance during hospital stay was the same in users and non-users of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prior use of aspirin had no effect on any measure of renal function. The incidence of blood transfusion was higher in older than in younger patients but neither the incidence of transfusion, nor the transfusion requirement, was different between users and non-users of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin. Although the study has not excluded certain adverse effects of prior use of these drugs on renal and haemostatic function after an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, it does indicate that such change are unlikely to be of major clinical significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220606
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crack-opening angle and dissipation-rate analysis of R-curves for side-grooved pieces of HY130 steel in bending (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 5922-5930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of side-grooved deep-notch three-point bend test pieces of 20 mm thick HY130 steel has been studied for large amounts of crack growth in three different widths. Growth occurs at limit load and the conventional R-curves follow the pattern that wider pieces give lower R-curves. Analysis of this behaviour is made in terms of the crack-tip opening angle, (CTOA) and the energy dissipation rate, dW dis/Bda, or D, from which a particular R-curve, J dis, can be formed. After an initial transient regime of about 2 mm growth, a steady-state region develops in terms of both CTOA and D. The steady state CTOA reduces with increase of initial width. The energy rate, D, is split into areal and volumetric components, γ and ρ, and, with neglect of the elastic components, ρ is related to the steady-state CTOA. The cumulative dissipation defined by J dis is compared to several conventional R-curves. It is concluded that the interpretation of steady-state crack growth in deep-notch three-point bend pieces can be expressed in terms of either CTOA or D, but that transference of data even from one size of a side-grooved piece to another, let alone to another configuration, cannot yet be made except on a lower bound basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship of variable antigen expression and population growth rates inTrypanosoma brucei (1992)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 78 (1992), S. 661-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between variable antigen type (VAT) expression and trypanosome growth rates was investigated. Growth rates in mice were compared between pairs of cloned trypanosome populations, each of which homogeneously expressed a different VAT. All three pairwise combinations of GUTats (Glasgow UniversityTrypanozoon antigen types) 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 were analysed twice and all three combinations of GUTats 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 were compared once. The lines expressing different VATs were of the same passage history within each group. In a sensitive assay of relative growth, no significant differences were found in four of six experiments using GUTats 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 or in one of three experiments using GUTats 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4. In the experiments in which differences were observed, the data were analysed further to compare the population doubling times of lines. These times differed by less than 10% in all cases. We conclude that variable antigen expression exerts a small (possibly negligible) effect on rates of trypanosome population growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931517
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