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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-05-17
    Description: Variations in the absorption spectra of cone photopigments over the spectral range of about 530 to 562 nanometers are a principal cause of individual differences in human color vision and of differences in color vision within and across other primates. To study the molecular basis of these variations, nucleotide sequences were determined for eight primate photopigment genes. The spectral peaks of the pigments specified by these genes spanned the range from 530 to 562 nanometers. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of these eight pigments suggest that three amino acid substitutions produce the approximately 30-nanometer difference in spectral peaks of the pigments underlying human red-green color vision, and red shifts of specific magnitudes are produced by replacement of nonpolar with hydroxyl-bearing amino acids at each of the three critical positions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neitz, M -- Neitz, J -- Jacobs, G H -- EY-02052/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY-07200/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 17;252(5008):971-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1903559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Color Perception ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Photoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Retinal Pigments/genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 684 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 113 (1991), S. 794-801 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 381-386 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium tetraamido aluminate ; sodium tetraamido gallate ; crystal structure ; IR spectra ; thermal behaviour ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Redetermination of Structure and Properties of the Isotypic Sodium Tetraamido Metallates of Aluminium and GalliumCrystals for x-ray structure determination of NaAl(NH2)4 and NaGa(NH2)4 were obtained by the reaction of the metals with ammonia in autoclaves at 100°C and P(NH3) = 60 bar within 7 days. The compounds crystallize isotypic in the space group P21/c with Z = 4 NaAl(NH2)4 a = 7.328(2) Å, b = 6.047(2) Å, c = 13.151(3) Å, β = 94.04(1)° NaGa(NH2)4 a = 7.4087(8) Å, b = 6.0917(5) Å, c = 12.855(2) Å, β = 92.10(1)°The structures were refined inclusively all H-positions of the amide ions. The ternay amides are furthermore characterized by their IR spectra and their thermal behaviour.
    Notes: Für röntgenographische Strukturbestimmungen geeignete Kristalle von NaAl(NH2)4 und NaGa(NH2)4 wurden durch Umsetzung der Metalle mit NH3 in Autoklaven bei 100°C und P(NH3) = 60 bar in 7d erhalten. Die Verbindungen kristallisieren isotyp in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 4 NaAl(NH2)4 a = 7,328(2) Å, b = 6,047(2) Å, c = 13,151(3) Å, β = 94,04(1)° NaGa(NH2)4 a = 7,4087(8) Å, b = 6,0917(5) Å, c = 12,855(2) Å, β = 92,10(1)°Die Strukturen wurden einschließlich aller H-Lagen der NH2--Ionen bestimmt. Die ternären Amide werden außerdem IR-spektroskopisch und bezüglich ihres thermischen Verhaltens charakterisiert.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium hydroxide/lithium chloride system ; crystal structure of Li4Cl(OH)3 and Li2Cl(OH) ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Unusual Coordination Polyhedra around Oxygen in Li4Cl(OH)3The pseudobinary system LiOH/LiCl was investigated by X-ray methods. Two compounds, Li4Cl(OH)3 and Li2Cl(OH), were obtained. The crystal structure of Li4Cl(OH)3 solved by single-crystal methods is delt with. For Li2Cl(OH) powder diffraction data are given:Li4Cl(OH)3: P21/m, Z = 2, a = 5.4096(8) Å, b = 7.382(2) Å, c = 6.2076(8) Å, β = 94.40(1)°, Z(Fo) with (Fo)2 ≧ 3σ(Fo)2 = 483, Z (parameter) = 50, R/Rw = 0.022/0.025 Li2Cl(OH): Pmma, Z = 2, a = 7.680(8) Å, b = 4.001(7) Å, c = 3.899(6) ÅThe hydroxide rich compound crystallizes in a new type of structure which contains puckered layers ∞2[Li4(OH)3+] connected via chloride ions.
    Notes: Das pseudobinäre System LiOH/LiCl wurde röntgenographisch untersucht. Zwei Verbindungen, Li4Cl(OH)3 und Li2Cl(OH), ließen sich nachweisen. Die Struktur von Li4Cl(OH)3 wurde an Einkristallen aufgeklärt, für Li2Cl(OH) liegen nur Pulverdaten vor:Li4Cl(OH)3: P21/m, Z = 2, a = 5,4096(8) Å, b = 7,382(2) Å, c = 6,2076(8) Å, β = 94,40(1)°, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2≧3σ(Fo)2 = 483, Z (Parameter) = 50, R/Rw = 0,022/0,025 Li2Cl(OH): Pmma, Z = 2, a = 7,680(8) Å, b = 4,001(7) Å, c = 3,899(6) ÅDie hydroxidreichere Verbindung kristallisiert in einem neuen Strukturtyp, der gewellte Schichten von ∞2[Li4(OH)3+] enthält, die über Chloridionen verknüpft sind.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 475-478 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: System lithium hydroxide/lithium iodide ; crystal structure of Li2I(OH) and Li5I(OH)4 ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Li2I(OH): A Compound with Onedimensional Infinite Edge Sharing [Li4/2(OH)+] PyramidsThe pseudobinary system LiOH/LiI was investigated by X-ray methods. Two compounds, Li2I(OH) and Li5I(OH)4 exist. The structure of Li2I(OH) was solved by single-crystal data. For Li5I(OH)4 lattice constants and space group symmetry are given:Li2I(OH): Pnma, Z = 4, a = 10.339(4) Å, b = 5.567(1) Å, c = 6.643(2) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≧ 3σ(Fo)2 = 439, Z (parameter) = 23, R/Rw = 0.030/0.040Li5I(OH)4: Pmmn or P21mn(= Pmn21), Z = 2, a = 10.42 Å, b = 5.30 Å, c = 5.81 ÅLi2I(OH) crystallizes in a new type of structure. The motif of a distorted hexagonal close-packed arrangement of iodide ions is penetrated by chains of ∞1[Li4/2(OH)+].
    Notes: Das pseudobinäre System LiOH/LiI wurde röntgenographisch untersucht. Es gibt zwei Verbindungen, Li2I(OH) und Li5I(OH)4. Die Struktur von Li2I(OH) wurde mittels Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt, von Li5I(OH)4 konnte die Elementarzellmetrik und Symmetrie ermittelt werden:Li2I(OH): Pnma, Z = 4, a = 10,339(4) Å, b = 5,567(1) Å, c = 6,643(2) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≧ 3σ(Fo)2 = 439, Z (Parameter) = 23, R/Rw = 0,030/0,040Li5I(OH)4: Pmmn oder P21mn(= Pmn21), Z = 2, a = 10,42 Å, b = 5,30 Å, c = 5,81 ÅLi2I(OH) kristallisiert in einem eigenen Strukturtyp, dem das Motiv einer verzerrten hexagonal dichtesten Anordnung von Iodidionen zugrunde liegt, die von Strängen aus ∞1[Li4/2(OH)+] durchdrungen wird.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 479-482 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: System lithium amide/lithium bromide ; crystal structure of Li2Br(NH2) ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Li2Br(NH2): The First Ternary Alkali Metal Amide HalideThe pseudobinary system LiNH2/LiBr was investigated by X-ray methods. The crystal structure of the compound Li2Br(NH2) was solved by single crystal data:Li2Br(NH2): Pnma, Z = 8, a = 12.484(2) Å, b = 7.959(1) Å, c = 6.385(1) Å, Z(Fo) with (Fo)2 ≧ 3σ(Fo)2 = 348, Z (parameter) = 51, R/Rw = 0.019/0.021Li2Br(NH2) crystallizes in a new type of structure. To one another isolated chains of ∞1[Li2Li4/2(NH2)22+] show the motif of closest rod packing. They are connected via bromide ions in a distorted cubic primitive arrangement.
    Notes: Das pseudobinäre System LiNH2/LiBr wurde röntgenographisch untersucht. Die Struktur einer Verbindung, Li2Br(NH2), wurde mittels Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt:Li2Br(NH2): Pnma, Z = 8, a = 12,484(2) Å, b = 7,959(1) Å, c = 6,385(1) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≧ 3σ(Fo)2 = 348, Z (Parameter) = 51, R/Rw = 0,019/0,021Die Verbindung kristallisiert in einem eigenen Strukturtyp. Von ihresgleichen isolierte Stränge aus ∞1[Li2Li4/2(NH2)22+] bilden eine dem Motiv nach dichteste Stabpackung. Bromidionen verknüpfen die Stäbe in verzerrt kubisch primitiver Anordnung.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 584 (1990), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Crystal Structure of a Potassium Imidenitridesilicate, K3Si6N5(NH)6Crystals of K3Si6N5(NH)6 sufficient for an X-ray structure determination are formed when potassium and silicium react with supercritical ammonia under the following conditions K:Si = 1:1, P(NH)3 = 6 kbar, T = 500°C within 3 days in a temperature gradient within the autoclaves used. The compound crystallizes cubic with a = 10.789(4) Å, the space group is P4332 (with tests for enantiomorphous pairs) and the cell contains four formula units. The positions of H-atoms are determined. The following data characterize the structure determination: N(F02) = 518 with 517 ≥ 3σ(F02) N(Variables) = 37, R = 0.019 resp. Rw = 0.017.The conditions for the synthesis of the compound and its structure are discussed with respect to Si3N4 and Si2N2(NH).
    Notes: Für eine röntgenographische Strukturbestimmung ausreichend große Kristalle von K3Si6N5(NH)6 bilden sich bei der Umsetzung von Kalium und Silicium in überkritischem Ammoniak bei K:Si = 1:1, P(NH3) = 6 kbar, T = 500°C und 3d Reaktionszeit im Temperaturgefälle der eingesetzten Autoklaven. Die Verbindung kristallisiert kubisch mit a = 10,789(4)Å in der Raumgruppe P4332 (nach Enantiomerentests) mit vier Formeleinheiten. Die Lagen der H-Atome konnten eindeutig ermittelt werden. Folgende Daten charakterisieren die Strukturbestimmung: Z(F02) = 518; davon sind 517 ≥ 3σ(F02); Z(Variable) = 37, R = 0,019 bzw. Rw = 0,017.Die Darstellungsbedingungen der Verbindung und ihre Struktur werden im Hinblick auf Si3N4 und Si2N2(NH) diskutiert.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Aluminium chloride triammoniate ; tetraammine dichloro aluminium-diammine tetrachloro aluminate ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; IR spectrum ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: AlCl3 · 3NH3  -  a Compound with the Crystal Structure of a Tetraammine Dichloro Aluminium-Diammine Tetrachloro Aluminate: [AlCl2(NH3)4]+[AlCl4(NH3)2]-.AlCl3 · 3 NH3 ≙ [AlCl2(NH3)4]+ [AlCl4(NH3)2]- forms during the reaction of two mole NH3 with AlCl3(NH3) at T ≥ 200°C. Repeated heating and cooling within 48 h between 200°C and 250°C gives a homogeneous product with total uptake of the necessary amount of NH3. Slow sublimation in a vacuum line apparatus at 200°C gives crystals of the triammoniate sufficient for a X-ray structure determination: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm P\bar 1,}\,{\rm Z}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 2} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm a}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 5}{\rm .713(2)}\,{\rm {\AA},}} \hfill & {{\rm b}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 6}{\rm .512}\,{\rm {\AA}},} \hfill & {{\rm c}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 9}{\rm .499(3)}\,{\rm {\AA}}} \hfill \\ {{\rm \alpha }\,{\rm = }\,8{\rm 6}{\rm .39(3)}^ \circ,} \hfill & {{\rm \beta }\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 87}{\rm .13(3)}^ \circ } \hfill & {{\rm \gamma }\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 84}{\rm .82(3)}^ \circ } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}The compound contains elongated [AlCl2(NH3)4]+ octahedra and compressed [AlCl4(NH3)2]- octahedra. Besides ionic bonding hydrogen bridge bonds with 3.369 Å ≤ d(N - H … Cl) ≤ 3.589 Å stabilize the atomic arrangement.
    Notes: AlCl3 · 3NH3 ≙ [AlCl2(NH3)4]+ · [AlCl4(NH3)2]- entsteht bei der Umsetzung von AlCl3(NH3) mit zwei Mol NH3 bei T ≥ 200°C. Wiederholtes Aufheizen und Abkühlen im Temperaturbereich von 200°C bis 250°C führt innerhalb von 48 h zu homogenen Produkten unter vollständiger Aufnahme der vorgegebenen NH3-Menge. Durch langsame Sublimation im Vakuum bei 200°C lassen sich meist stark verwachsene Kristalle des Triammoniakats züchten. Röntgenographisch wurde die Struktur bestimmt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm P\bar 1,}\,{\rm Z}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 2} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm a}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 5,713(2)}\,{\rm {\AA},}} \hfill & {{\rm b}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 6,512}\,{\rm {\AA}},} \hfill & {{\rm c}\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 9,499(3)}\,{\rm {\AA}}} \hfill \\ {{\rm \alpha }\,{\rm = }\,8{\rm 6,39(3)}^ \circ,} \hfill & {{\rm \beta }\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 87,13(3)}^ \circ } \hfill & {{\rm \gamma }\,{\rm = }\,{\rm 84,82(3)}^ \circ } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} R/Rw = 5,5/7,0 bei Z(Fo2 〉 3σ Fo2) = 1106 und Z(Var.) = 67Die Verbindung ist aus elongierten [AlCl2(NH3)4]′ -und gestauchten [AlCl4(NH3)2]--Oktaedern aufgebaut. Neben ionogenen Bindungsanteilen ist die Atomanordnung durch H-Brückenbindungen mit 3,369 Å ≤d(N—H … Cl) ≤ 3,589 Å stabilisiert.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 535-538 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium tetraoxo nitrido tungstate(VI) ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Sodium Tetraoxo Nitrido Tungstate(VI), Na5WO4NColourless crystals of Na5WO4N are obtained besides Na4WO2N2 [1] by the reaction of WO3 with NaNH2 (15:1) at 350°C ≥ T ≥ 750°C in autoclaves to prevent early decomposition of sodium amide. X-ray single crystal investigations are characterized by the following data:Na5WO4N: Cmc21 (No. 36), Z = 4a = 9.873(2) Å, b = 5.769(1) Å, c = 10.648(2) ÅZ(F2o)≥ 3σ(F2o) = 2182, Z(Var.) = 55, R/Rw = 0.029/0.039The structure contains the tetragonal pyramidal ion WO4N5- with nitrogen at the apex connected via Na+ ions irregularly coordinated by one nitrogen and four oxygen atoms of different anions.
    Notes: Farblose Kristalle von Na5WO4N entstehen neben Na4WO2N2 [1] bei der Umsetzung von WO3 mit NaNH2 (15:1) bei 350°C ≥ T ≥ 750°C in Autoklaven, die eine frühzeitige Zersetzung von Natriumamid verhindern. Die röntgenographische Strukturbestimmung an Einkristallen ist durch folgende Daten charakterisiert:Na5WO4N: Cmc21 (Nr. 36), Z = 4a = 9,873(2) Å, b = 5,769(1) Å, c = 10,648(2) ÅZ(F2o) ≥ 3σ(F2o) = 2182, Z(Var.) = 55, R/Rw = 0,029/0,039Die Struktur enthält das tetragonal pyramidale Ion WO4N5 mit Stickstoff in apikaler Position. Die Anionen sind durch Na+-Ionen verknüpft, die unregelmäßig von einem N- und vier O-Atomen unterschiedlicher Anionen koordiniert sind.
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