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  • 1990-1994  (103)
  • 1965-1969  (21)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent Foucault imaging: A method for imaging magnetic domain structures in thin films (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 5349-5355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method for imaging magnetic domain structures in the transmission electron microscope is described. Coherent Foucault imaging provides a direct means of producing a magnetic interferogram which reveals the quantitative distribution of magnetic induction across the specimen. The technique requires the high coherence of a field-emission gun system and the ability to position an aperture accurately to cut part of the diffraction pattern. A simple analytical theory, together with computer simulations and experimental results, is presented to demonstrate the power of the technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357188
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of the magnetic structures in giant magnetoresistive multilayer films by electron microscopy : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6613-6615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic structures which occur in (Co/Ni81Fe19/Co)/Cu multilayer films showing giant magnetoresistance have been investigated using electron microscopy. Rather similar fine domains, with sub-μm dimensions, were found in films comprising 14 and 6 magnetic layers. Whilst the observed structure depended greatly on the magnetic history of the sample, a combination of differential phase contrast imaging and low angle diffraction allowed an estimate to be made of the extent to which neighboring magnetic layers were aligned antiparallel to each other. For both samples typically two layers were found to have parallel alignment leading to the possibility that departures from the expected antiferromagnetic behavior are more prevalent at the surfaces rather than in the bulk of the multilayer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358210
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic stray fields of Co-Cr microstrips measured by Lorentz microscopy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 3002-3007 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic stray fields of Co-Cr microstrips are investigated for bit stabilization in a vertical Bloch line memory (VBLM). The stray fields were revealed using Lorentz force based Foucault and differential phase contrast (DPC) techniques in a transmission electron microscope. The assumed shape of the stray fields for VBLM use has been experimentally verified. Agreement between experiment and simulation is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356166
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lorentz electron microscopy studies of magnetization reversal processes in epitaxial Fe(001) films : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6440-6442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic domain structure and microscopic magnetization reversal processes in epitaxial Fe/GaAs(001) films with cubic anisotropy and in-plane easy axes have been investigated by a Lorentz microscope equipped with a magnetizing stage. For the films of a few hundred angstroms thickness we observe the single domain remanent state predicted for a two-dimensional film but find that domains play a crucial role in the magnetic reversal process. For reversal along the in-plane 〈110〉 directions (hard axes), magnetization reversal proceeds via a combination of coherent rotation and displacements of weakly pinned 90° domain walls at critical fields. For magnetization reversal along the in-plane 〈100〉 directions (easy axes), an irregular checkerboard domain structure develops at the critical field and both 180° and 90° domain walls coexist. The reversal of the domains with magnetization vector opposite to the applied field direction takes place by a combination of two 90° reorientations. We discuss how these processes are related to the magnetic anisotropies present in the film and the macroscopic M-H hysteresis curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358248
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micromagnetic structure of domains in Co/Pt multilayers. I. Investigations of wall structure (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7431-7437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the micromagnetic structure of domains and domain walls in Co/Pt multilayer films is reported. Magneto-optically written domains have been imaged in a scanning transmission electron microscope by using the modified differential phase contrast mode of Lorentz electron microscopy. These have been compared with computer-simulated images based on a two-dimensional model of a circular, perpendicular magnetized domain with a Bloch-like wall structure. Agreement is found for the domain and stray field contrast, but the absence of wall contrast in the experimental images indicates a more complex wall structure in the multilayer than was assumed by the model. In a further series of calculations the magnetic microstructure of a Co/Pt multilayer was modeled by solving the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equations. These suggest that the wall structure varies throughout the thickness of the multilayer, allowing significant saving of magnetostatic energy through the establishment of flux closure paths close to the walls, and are consistent with experimental observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354964
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of the micromagnetic structure of cross-tie walls in permalloy (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 2447-2452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The modified differential phase contrast (MDPC) mode of Lorentz electron microscopy was used to study the micromagnetic structure of cross-tie walls in permalloy. The distribution of magnetic induction along these walls is characterized and studied in detail by vector mappings calculated from MDPC image pairs. The wall thickness of the cross-tie wall is determined by fitting the calculated image signal of an analytical function to the MDPC wall profiles. A pronounced dip in the wall width is found at the center of the vortex structure of the cross-tie wall. The results are compared to theoretical calculations by Nakatani, Uesaka, and Hayashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 28, 2485 (1989).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353102
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micromagnetic structure of domains in Co/Pt multilayers. II. Investigations of domain structures in written marks (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7438-7442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis is presented of the detailed effects of varying the write parameters in Co/Pt multilayer films. Domains written thermomagnetically by laser modulation have been imaged using the modified differential phase contrast mode of Lorentz electron microscopy. The effects of different laser powers and bias fields were investigated. While the domain size increases with laser power, the bias field is found to have a profound effect on domain regularity. The periodicity of the irregular circumference of the domains written at high-bias fields closely resembles the mean repeat in the ac-demagnetized state suggesting that it arises as a relaxation phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354965
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping induction distributions by transmission electron microscopy (invited) : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 6078-6083 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Foucault and differential phase contrast modes of transmission electron microscopy are described and their uses for mapping induction distributions in magnetic thin films compared. The former is simpler to implement but the latter can provide quantitative information to much higher spatial resolution. Examples are given of instances where each is most suitable. Foucault images recorded during in situ magnetizing experiments provide valuable information on the magnetization process in small regular particles while the detailed magnetization distribution close to walls in soft magnetic films is best investigated using modified differential phase contrast microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347775
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The initial permeability of polycrystalline MnZn ferrites: The influence of domain and microstructure (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4085-4095 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The validity of nonmagnetic grain-boundary (NMGB) models for the initial permeability of polycrystalline ferrites is examined. The domain size in a series of wet-chemically prepared polycrystalline MnZn ferrites, in the demagnetized state, has been determined by neutron depolarization. A transition in the intragranular domain structure from mono- to two domain is observed at grain size D≈4 μm. An expression for this transition has been derived for a dense magnetic material. The grain size dependence of the initial permeability of the ferrites studied, particularly for monodomain grains, is consistent with the NMGB model. The grain-boundary width and composition have been determined with a nanoprobe (1.5 nm resolution). Composition variations extend ≈10 nm into the grain. The findings suggest that, although the NMGB model considers "nonmagnetic'' grain boundaries, in practice the grain boundary may be hard magnetic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354454
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological Processes at Saints Hill Water-Treatment Plant, Kent (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The new treatment plant at Saint's Hill has been operating since May 1992 and biologically treats ground-water to remove iron, ammonium/ammonia and manganese. The paper describes the project, the processes involved, the significance of pilot-plant studies, the different stages of commissioning and plant efficiency.This method of treatment, although new to the UK, is well-established in France, and reference to existing plants using the processes is made for purposes of indicating the range of applicability of biological treatment processes.Specific conditions are required for biological processes. Not all raw waters can be economically treated to produce an environment which is appropriate for bacterial activity. Conditions for biological iron and manganese removal are different. The paper illustrates the importance of pilot studies to establish the feasibility of biological processes and to determine the design parameters for industrial-scale works.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01121.x
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