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  • 1995-1999  (599)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical response in two-dimensional optical superlattices with Kerr nonlinearity (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present an analysis of the steady state optical response of two-dimensional optical superlattices with Kerr nonlinearity. We consider the effects of the modification of the refractive index modulation strengths in the superlattices and the angular deviation of incoming radiation from Bragg conditions. We find that under Bragg incidence the system displays optical bistability only when the modulation ratio exceeds a certain threshold. We also predict that optical bistability can disappear under non-Bragg incidence. Physical considerations are presented and discussed on how to optimize the chances for observing optical bistability in such a superlattice. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362782
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Important factors included in nondestructive readout of GMR MRAM (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6642-6642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We proposed a new type of magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) using a weakly coupled GMR effect. It operates on the general principle of storing a binary digit in hard component and sensing its remanent state by switching the soft component in such a way that the magnetic state of the hard component is unaltered. It is believed that this structure could have nondestructive readout (NDRO) characteristics. However, in experiments we found that NDRO was not always achieved; i.e., NDRO was dependent on the polarity of the excitation field. We take an example for mode "0'' (corresponding to a + remanent state). Although tests involving 3×108 plus excitation pulses indicated that the element was still stable, stability against minus disturb pulses could not be expected. The remanent state of 0 was degrading gradually and was finally destroyed after nenormous numbers of readout switching. An analytical model, in which the hard component follows the Rayleigh law, can explain the above phenomenon. It is because the irreversible magnetization processes cause disturbed states (0′ or 1′). Obviously the worst case for mode 0 is being excited by continous minus pulses whereas the worst case for mode 1 is being excited by continous plus pulses. We think that two methods will be effective to eliminate the unstability. One is to obtain a rectangular hysteresis loop for the hard component. The other is to imporve the excitation method, for example, to employ bipolar pulses for excitation signals. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362444
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic granular systems : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6255-6257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Based on a semiclassical model, the transport properties in systems of cylindrical or spherical magnetic granules are investigated analytically. It is shown that the conductivities as well as the magnetoresistance of these systems depend strongly on the size of the granules. In particular, there is always an optimum granular size for the magnetoresistance. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362024
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study on the Er/p-InP Schottky barrier (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 584-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rare-earth element Er was deposited onto (100) oriented Zn-doped p-type InP to form Schottky barriers. The Er/p-InP Schottky barrier have been studied by current-voltage (I-V), temperature dependence of current-voltage (I-V-T), and capacitance-voltage (C-V) methods and Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) measured by I-V and I-V-T methods are in the range 0.83–0.87 eV, while SBHs measured by the C-V method are in the range 0.98–1.06 eV. Ideality factor n and series resistances R are in the range 1.08–1.11 and 30–50 Ω, respectively. Combining the experimental results of SBHs reported in the literature for Schottky barriers with various metals on p-InP (100), we conclude the Fermi level pinning for InP with (100) orientation is much stronger than that for Si or GaAs. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360731
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoresistivity below Tc in silver-clad Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy tape (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 2613-2617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the magnetoresistance curves of a silver-clad Bi (2223) tape below critical temperature Tc over a magnetic field range up to 8 T. At temperatures well below Tc the magnetoresistive transition can be well described by a thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) process. The activation energies inferred from such dissipation measurements are found to have the form U=U0+U' (H,T), where U0 is magnetic field and temperature independent, U' (H,T) is proportional to (1−T/Tc)n/H. At temperatures very close to Tc the TAFF dissipation can no longer be found and the magnetoresistance seems to be determined by the combination of viscous flux flow and thermal fluctuation. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358725
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and ground state dynamics of Ar–IH (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 5764-5770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure and ground state dynamics of the atom–diatom dimer interaction between Ar and HI has been investigated by microwave and near infrared supersonic jet spectroscopy. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations were used to provide greater insight into the nature of the interaction. The ground state is shown to be in the isomeric form Ar–IH with Rcm=3.9975(1) Å, θ=149.33(1)° for the normal isotopomer and Rcm=3.9483(1) Å, θ=157.11(1)° for Ar–ID. The potential surface from an ab initio molecular orbital calculation was scaled and shifted to yield a nonlinear least-squares fit of the rovibrational state energies to the experimental data. The ground state potential energy surface obtained in this manner has a barrier between the Ar–IH and Ar–HI isomers of 88.5 cm−1 with respect to the global minimum. Such calculations are also used to predict the presence of localized states in the secondary minimum associated with isomers Ar–HI and Ar–DI. Attempts to experimentally identify transitions associated with the latter were unsuccessful. The ground state, Ar–IH isomeric structure, contrasts with the corresponding ground state of the other members of the homologous series Ar–HX (X=F, Cl, and Br) in which the Ar is bound to the proton. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479873
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct evaluation of the equilibrium distribution of physical clusters by a grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 108 (1998), S. 3416-3423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new approach to cluster simulation is developed in the context of nucleation theory. This approach is free of any arbitrariness involved in the definition of a cluster. Instead, it preferentially and automatically generates the physical clusters, defined as the density fluctuations that lead to nucleation, and determines their equilibrium distribution in a single simulation, thereby completely bypassing the computationally expensive free energy evaluation that is necessary in a conventional approach. The validity of the method is demonstrated for a single component system using a model potential for water under several values of supersaturation. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475741
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binary nucleation of sulfuric acid-water: Monte Carlo simulation (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 108 (1998), S. 6829-6848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have developed a classical mechanical model for the H2SO4/H2O binary system. Monte Carlo simulation was performed in a mixed ensemble, in which the number of sulfuric acid molecules is fixed while that of water molecules is allowed to fluctuate. Simulation in this ensemble is computationally efficient compared to conventional canonical simulation, both in sampling very different configurations of clusters relevant in nucleation and in evaluating the free energy of cluster formation. The simulation yields molecular level information, such as the shape of the clusters and the dissociation behavior of the acid molecule in the cluster. Our results indicate that the clusters are highly nonspherical as a result of the anisotropic intermolecular interactions and that a cluster with a given number of acid molecules has several very different conformations, which are close in free energy and hence equally relevant in nucleation. The dissociation behavior of H2SO4 in a cluster differs markedly from that in bulk solution and depends sensitively on the assumed value of the free energy fhb of the dissociation reaction H2SO4+H2O→HSO4−⋅H3O+. In a small cluster, no dissociation is observed. As the cluster size becomes larger, the probability of having an HSO4−⋅H3O+ ion pair increases. However, in clusters relevant in nucleation, the resulting ion pairs remain in contact; about 240 water molecules are required to observe behavior that resembles that in bulk solution. If a larger value of fhb is assumed to reflect its uncertainty, the probability of dissociation becomes negligible. A reversible work surface obtained for a condition typical of vapor to liquid nucleation suggests that the rate-limiting step of new particle formation is a binary collision of two hydrated sulfuric acid molecules. The ion pairs formed by dissociation play a key role in stabilizing the resulting cluster. The reversible work surface is sensitive to the assumed value of fhb, thus pointing to the need for an accurate estimate of the quantity either by ab initio calculations or experiments. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476097
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent progress in optical current sensing techniques (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 3097-3111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews recent developments in the field of current measurement which employ a wide range of optical and fiber optic techniques. Depending on the current sensing mechanisms involved and the sensing materials used, optical current sensors (OCSs) may be categorized into four main groups: (i) OCSs employing optical fiber as their sensing elements, (ii) OCSs using bulk glass to sense the current, (iii) OCSs using electro-optic hybrid sensing devices, and (iv) OCSs using magnetic field sensing devices. The operational modes of a variety of OCSs have been grouped and discussed, and several examples given. It can be seen that as a result of an intensive and wide ranging research effort using various approaches, substantial progress in the differing aspects of the optical current sensing techniques considered, such as the sensing material used, the configurations of sensing elements introduced, and the detection schemes adapted, has been achieved during the past years. An overall view of the field shows it to be as an active and exciting research area, highlighting several recently introduced and novel sensing materials and configurations which provide impressive results in this field of instrumentation. Examples of applications for the electric power industry are discussed more extensively. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145537
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional toroidal electron analyzer for energy and angular dispersive measurements (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1970-1977 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A toroidal electrostatic analyzer with a two-dimensional position-sensitive electron detector has been developed for the measurement of differential excitation cross sections in electron-ion collisions. The electron position is resolved simultaneously in the energy and angular dispersive directions of the analyzer. The present electron analyzer is specially designed with a narrow curved entrance slit and a wide exit slit coupled with an exit lens system after the toroidal deflector, which can give a wide energy dispersed range of 20% of the mean pass energy and a large angular range extending from 30° to 120°. The performance of the spectrometer has been studied by measuring the scattered electrons from Ar atoms and from a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface, indicating the usefulness of the present analyzer in electron spectroscopy. A brief description of the method for a spectrum transformation from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates is also presented. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149696
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