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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen source on biosynthesis of rapamycin by Streptomyces hygroscopicus (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1997), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: nitrogen nutrition; biosynthesis; rapamycin; immunosuppressants; Streptomyces hygroscopicus; macrolides; lysine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Six non-amino acid nitrogen compounds were examined as nitrogen source for growth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and biosynthesis of rapamycin. Of the nitrogen sources studied, ammonium sulfate was the best with respect to formation of rapamycin, and supported cell growth comparable to the organic nitrogen sources used in the control chemically defined medium, ie, aspartate, arginine plus histidine. In the new chemically defined medium, which is buffered with 200 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid to prevent decline of pH during fermentation, an ammonium sulfate concentration of 40 mM was optimal for biosynthesis of rapamycin. Rapamycin production increased by more than 30% on both volumetric and specific bases as compared to the previous medium containing the three amino acids as nitrogen source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900434
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C-terminal polypeptides are necessary and sufficient for in vivo targeting of transiently-expressed proteins to peroxisomes in suspension-cultured plant cells (1996)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 195 (1996), S. 156-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; Cotton ; Malate synthase ; Microprojectile bombardment ; Peroxisome targeting signals ; Suspension-cultured cells ; Tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The potential of tobacco BY-2 suspension-cultured cells for examining in vivo targeting and import of proteins into plant peroxisomes was shown recently in our laboratory. In the current study, the necessity and sufficiency of putative C-terminal targeting signals on cottonseed malate synthase and bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) were examined in BY-2 cells. Cotton suspension cells also were evaluated as another in vivo peroxisome targeting system. Ultrastructural views of BY-2 cells showed that the peroxisomes were relatively small (0.1-0.3 μm diameter), a characteristic of so-called “unspecialized” peroxisomes, Peroxisomes in cotton and tobacco cells were identified with anti-cottonseed catalase IgGs as distinct immunofluorescent particles clearly distinguishable from abundant immunofluorescent mitochondria and plastids, marked with antibodies to β-ATPase and stearoyl-ACP Δ 9 desaturase, respectively. The C-terminal ser-lys-leu (SKL) motif is a well-established peroxisome targeting signal (PTS 1) for mammals and yeasts, but not for plants. Antiserum raised against SKL peptides recognized proteins only in peroxisomes in cotton and tobacco cells. The necessity of SKL-COOH for targeting of proteins to plant peroxisomes had not been demonstrated; we showed that SKL-COOH was necessary for directing cottonseed malate synthase to BY-2 peroxisomes. KSRM-COOH, a conservative modification of SKL-COOH, was shown by others to be sufficient for redirecting CAT in stably-transformed Arabidopsis plants to the leaf peroxisomes. Here we show with the same CAT constructs (e.g., pMON316CAT-KSRM) that KSRM is sufficient for targeting transiently-expressed passenger proteins to unspecialized BY-2 peroxisomes. These results provide new direct evidence for the necessity of SKL-COOH (a type 1 PTS) and sufficiency of a conservative modification of the PTS 1 (KSRM-COOH) for in vivo, heterologous targeting of proteins to plant peroxisomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279194
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