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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure formation in excimer laser ablation of stretched poly(ethylene therephthalate) (PET): the influence of scanning ablation (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 69 (1999), S. S841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 42-62; 81-65; 81-05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Multiple pulse laser ablation of stretched PET is performed with an ArF excimer laser (193 nm) in order to produce micro channels. The surface structure remaining after “scanning ablation”, in which the sample is moved during irradiation, is compared to the known results upon “static ablation”. We observed that the debris contribution is enhanced upon scanning ablation, which has a major impact for the channels used in micro-fluidic applications. A more fundamental change of the channel floor structure, as seen by SEM, occurs at high fluences and short mask lengths. The channel floor structure originates from the structure on the irradiated ramp at the end of the channel. The “scanning structure” appears only if the irradiated end ramp forms an angle higher than 10.55(±0.15)° with the non-irradiated sample surface. The angle of light incidence is not responsible for the structure changes, in agreement with literature reports. Other possible mechanisms are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390051543
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lateral Doping Inhomogeneities as Revealed by μ-NEXAFS and μ-PES (1998)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 63-64 (Dec. 1998), p. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/26/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.63-64.317.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of hydrocarbons during microbial remediation of a sandy soil (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The microbial degradation of hydrocarbons was studied in an artificially contaminated sandy soil, using a pilot-scale percolator system. After a short lag period, an intensive degradation occurred, which diminished in time and completely stopped in the end, despite large residual contaminations (residues of 56% diesel fuel, 20% n-hexadecane and 3.5% phenanthrene at the initial loadings of each 3000 mg/kg). The remaining pollutant content was influenced by the kind of hydrocarbon but was nearly independent of its initial loading. According to a model-aided analysis of the carbon dioxide production during remediation, the observed stagnation of degradation was caused by a limited bioavailability of the pollutants. The degradation in the soil-free aqueous phase was more extensive than in the soil, which suggests that the limited bioavailability in the soil can be attributed mainly to matrix-dependent rather than substrate-dependent influences. Generally, fine particles and organic matter are mainly responsible for the adsorption of pollutants to the soil matrix. Our sandy soil also bound hydrocarbons adsorptively although it contained neither silty material nor significant amounts of organic matter. As shown by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis, the soil particles were covered by micropores, which enlarged the soil surface by a factor of 120 in comparison with the macroscopic surface area. The microporosity is the reason for the hydrocarbons being more strongly adsorbed to the sandy soil than expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051370
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PMSE observations at three different frequencies in northern Europe during summer 1994 (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 14 (1997), S. 1317-1327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) have been carried out during summer 1994 in northern Norway using three radars on different frequencies: the ALOMAR SOUSY radar at Andenes on 53.5 MHz, the EISCAT VHP radar at Tromsø on 224 MHz and the MF radar at Tromsø on 2.78 MHz. During the common measuring period in July/August 1994, PMSE could be detected at 224 and 53.5 MHz, and there are strong hints that PMSE also occur at 2.78 MHz. Reliable correlations between hourly backscattered power values indicate that the PMSE structures have zonal extensions of more than 130 km and can be detected at very different scales (half wavelength) between 0.67 (EISCAT VHP radar) and 54 m (MF radar). Using the wind values derived by the MF radar it can be shown that the mesospheric wind field influences the structure of PMSE. The diurnal variation of PMSE is strongly connected with tidal-wind components, whereas spatial differences of PMSE can partly be explained by the mean wind field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1317-7
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An intercomparison between the GSWM, UARS, and ground based radar observations: a case-study in January 1993 (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 1123-1141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Global-Scale Wave Model (GSWM) is a steady-state two-dimensional linearized model capable of simulating the solar tides and planetary waves. In an effort to understand the capabilities and limitations of the GSWM throughout the upper mesosphere and thermosphere a comparative analysis with observational data is presented. A majority of the observational data used in this study was collected during the World Day campaign which ran from 20 January to 30 January 1993. During this campaign data from 18 ground-based observational sites across the globe and two instruments located on the UARS spacecraft were analyzed. Comparisons of these data with the simulations from the GSWM indicate that the GSWM results are in reasonable agreement with the observations. However, there are a number of cases where the agreement is not particularly good. One such instance is for the semidiurnal tide in the northern hemisphere, where the GSWM estimates may exceed observations by 50%. Through a number of numerical simulations, it appears that this discrepancy may be due to the eddy diffusivity profiles used by the GSWM. Other differences relating to the diurnal tide and the quasi-two-day wave are presented and discussed. Additionally, a discussion on the biases and aliasing difficulties which may arise in the observational data is alos presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1123-x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gravity wave signatures at mesopause heights (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 14 (1997), S. 1186-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ALOMAR SOUSY Radar operated at 53.5 MHz has been used in a five-beam configuration to study dynamical processes at gravity wave periods in the summer polar mesosphere. A case study of a gravity wave with a period of about 9 min is presented and analysed in some detail. The three-dimensional wave number vector is determined from the phase information of the 9-min velocity oscillations obtained in all beam directions and all range gates. The horizontal wavelengths in the north and east direction are estimated to be about 60 and 50 km, respectively. The echo power variations, simultaneously observed at different beam pointing positions, are investigated using cross-correlation analysis. The results show that these wave-associated variations lead to horizontal and vertical deformation of the echoing layers. The horizontal wavelength in the north-south direction, derived from the echo power modification, is in good agreement with the one obtained from the velocity analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1186-0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical analysis of rain and snow samples from Chernogolovk/Russia by IC, TXRF and ICP–MS (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 357 (1997), S. 1142-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Data are reported for a first measurement campaign for a great number of cations (the range of concentrations for main components is given in ng/mL: Na:〈70–880; Mg: 12–160; Al:〈7–120; K: 200–1600; NH4 +: 2500–9000; Ca: 300–2500; Fe:〈140–1200; Zn: 20–320) and anions (HCOO-: 100–1800; CH3COO-: 400–14500; C2O2- 4: 〈100–460; NO- 2: 〈20–55; NO- 3: 660–9900; SO2- 3:〈100–1150; SO4 2-: 450–19700; Cl-: 170–3200) in rain and snow samples of the Chernogolovka region 80 km northeast of the centre of Moscow. These data serve as a first assessment of the situation of the atmosphere in this region. For the determination of fluoride, formate, acetate, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfite, and sulfate by IC, a relevant development of the method was carried out. For some metallic cations, a critical quality control was achieved by parallel measurements with ICP-MS, TXRF, and IC. Furthermore, time resolved measurements were performed for a rain event. Filtration experiments were undertaken to differentiate between the presence of a series of elements and species in liquid or solid state in the collected aqueous samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050320
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical characterization of manganese in rainwater and snow samples (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 357 (1997), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Seven rain and 2 snow samples collected in October and November 1993 were analyzed by GFAAS. Manganese concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 11.3 μg/L were found. pH-values (4.04–4.89, mean 4.52) and redox potentials (528–665 mV, mean 581 mV) were additionally determined. This is important with respect to a qualified specification of Mn in atmospheric samples. A 0.45 μm-filtration of the samples prior to GFAAS-analysis showed the same manganese concentrations in the filtrate as in the unfiltered samples. Hence, the amount of solid Mn species in the investigated samples is negligible. For an examination of the oxidation state of Mn some investigations concerning the stability of Mn(III) were carried out. They indicated that Mn(III) is unstable under atmospheric conditions. For checking whether all the manganese in rainwater exists as Mn(II), a sensitive IC method for the detection of Mn(II) was developed. By adapting a photometric procedure based on the oxidation of Leucomalachite Green (LMG) to Malachite Green (MG) by permanganate (MnO- 4) to the IC-flow-through-system, a limit of determination of 1 μg/L Mn(II) could be achieved. A comparison of the IC measurements with GFAAS-results of the filtered samples showed agreeing results. Thus, manganese in rainwater and snow exists entirely as soluble Mn(II).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050121
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygenic photosynthesis–a photon driven hydrogen generator–the energetic/entropic basis of life (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: evolution ; hydrogen ; life ; photosynthesis ; radiant energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis, as a fundamental element in the life process, is integrated in the evolution of living systems on the basis of hydrogen cycles on various hierarchic levels. Conversion of radiant energy enables the oxidation of water, whereby free oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere. Hydrogen is (reversibly) stored in organic materials formed under reductive CO2-fixation and by the incorporation of the other elements, which are necessary for living systems. All endergonic processes in living cells are finally driven by the energy released through the clean recombination of protons and electrons with oxygen to water. Duration of the stored energy and the complexity of the systems thus produced is correlated negatively with the conversion efficiency of the radiation energy. Entropy is a unifying principle in the evolution of living systems, inclusive human societies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006872110196
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Quillajasäure (1905)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 44 (1905), S. 128-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01357322
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