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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal process in TbCo-biased spin valves : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6452-6454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetization reversal processes in the free and the pinned layers of TbCo-biased spin valves have been studied in a highly modified transmission electron microscope. Reversal of the free layer in the presence of a field antiparallel to the biasing direction proceeds by a complex domain process with 360° walls forming frequently. In the presence of substantially higher fields, the pinned layer reverses by creep of highly irregular walls through the structure. By studying image grey levels, an estimate of the average orientation of the induction vector in the TbCo layer is made. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361971
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron beam fabrication and characterization of high-resolution magnetic force microscopy tips (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2913-2919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stray field, magnetic microstructure, and switching behavior of high-resolution electron beam fabricated thin film tips for magnetic force microscopy (MFM) are investigated with different imaging modes in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). As the tiny smooth carbon needles covered with a thermally evaporated magnetic thin film are transparent to the electron energies used in these TEMs it is possible to observe both the external stray field emanating from the tips as well as their internal domain structure. The experiments confirm the basic features of electron beam fabricated thin film tips concluded from various MFM observations using these tips. Only a weak but highly concentrated stray field is observed emanating from the immediate apex region of the tip, consistent with their capability for high resolution. It also supports the negligible perturbation of the magnetization sample due to the tip stray field observed in MFM experiments. Investigation of the magnetization distributions within the tips, as well as preliminary magnetizing experiments, confirm a preferred single domain state of the high aspect ratio tips. To exclude artefacts of the observation techniques both nonmagnetic tips and those supporting different magnetization states are used for comparison. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361287
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal mechanisms in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin-valve structures (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5554-5562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy is used to provide a detailed description of how magnetization reversals take place in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin-valves. Direct observation is made of how both NiFe layers respond to an applied field. Marked differences from the behavior observed in single Permalloy layers of the same thickness are identified. Complex 360° wall structures frequently form and are studied in some detail. A description of their structure is given and a theory involving the compensation of charges from the biased layer is suggested to explain stability. The work has a direct bearing on the performance of spin-valves as sensors as the way the magnetization changes under the influence of an applied field affects the noise characteristics. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359676
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers with low magnetoresistive hysteresis (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 1611-1620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used transmission electron microscopy to study magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers with the Cu spacer layer thickness close to 9 Å. The films show giant magnetoresistance (GMR) values (approximate)25%, saturation fields of 1–2 kOe, and very little magnetoresistive hysteresis; they are of interest as position sensors. While the Cu thickness was chosen to correspond to the first antiferromagnetic maximum, magnetic images taken throughout a magnetization cycle attest to the fact that the antiferromagnetic coupling is far from complete. Detailed analysis of image sequences and the corresponding low angle diffraction patterns suggests that the coupling is dominated by a biquadratic component. This is consistent with the relatively low value of GMR. Furthermore, the well-defined and relatively simple domain processes which are observed over the low field regime (±50 Oe) explain why little hysteresis is observed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370935
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of domain processes and magnetoresistance changes as a function of field and number of bilayers in Co/Cu multilayers : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3775-3777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The understanding of the magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers showing substantial giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is incomplete. To gain further insight into the coupling and resultant switching characteristics, a series of Co/Cu multilayers with 3–15 bilayers has been grown by dc magnetron sputtering. Microstructural and micromagnetic studies along with MR measurements were made on the samples. Lorentz microscopy was used to directly observe the evolution of domain structures under the influence of an applied field. It appeared that dissimilar domain structures occurred in different layers. Magnetic structures were generally submicron in size although in samples with few bilayers well defined domain walls were also observed during the reversal process. Their occurrence coincided with abrupt steps in the GMR curves. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365505
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of NiFe thin film elements by dry etching using CH4/H2/O2 (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 3194-3196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A mixture of methane, hydrogen, and oxygen has been used to etch thin films of NiFe. The variation of etch rate with concentration of methane and oxygen has been investigated. By using a SrF2 mask, patterned by liftoff, small micrometer-sized elements have been fabricated. It is demonstrated that the use of CH4/H2/O2 as an etchant yields elements possessing similar micromagnetic properties to those produced by conventional liftoff. The process has also been successfully employed to etch other important magnetic thin films. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115160
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging domains in Co/Pt multilayers by magnetic force microscopy (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2566-2568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic microstructure in a Co/Pt multilayer has been imaged by magnetic force microscopy employing a novel tip structure. Magnetic tips have been fabricated by evaporating a thin film onto a single facet of the pyramidal tip of a silicon nitride cantilever. Nanolithographically defined elements have been used to simulate the micromagnetic structure of the tip and have been investigated by the Lorentz mode of electron microscopy. We demonstrate that stray fields from the Co/Pt multilayer can be sensed by the tip producing images of the magnetic microstructure with a fine structure on a scale of 30–40 nm. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114434
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibration techniques for a fast duo spectrometer : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have completed the upgrade and calibration of the ion dynamics spectrometer (IDS), a high-speed Doppler duo spectrometer which measures ion flow and temperature in the MST reversed-field pinch. This paper describes an in situ calibration of the diagnostic's phase and frequency response. A single clock was employed to generate both a digital test signal and a digitizer trigger thus avoiding frequency drift and providing a highly resolved measurement over the system bandwidth. Additionally, we review the measurement of the spectrometer instrument function and absolute intensity response. This calibration and subsequent performance demonstrate the IDS to be one of the fastest, highest throughput diagnostics of its kind. Typical measurements are presented. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147904
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental scaling of fluctuations and confinement with Lundquist number in the reversed-field pinch (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 1004-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The scaling of the magnetic and velocity fluctuations with Lundquist number (S) is examined experimentally over a range of values from 7×104 to 106 in a reversed-field pinch (RFP) plasma. Magnetic fluctuations do not scale uniquely with the Lundquist number. At high (relative) density, fluctuations scale as b˜∝S−0.18, in agreement with recent numerical results. Fluctuations are almost independent of S at low (relative) density, b˜∝S−0.07. The range of measured exponents is narrow and is in clear disagreement with theories predicting b˜∝S−1/2. At high relative density, the scaling of the energy confinement time follows expectations for transport in a stochastic magnetic field. A confinement scaling law (nτE∝β4/5⋅T−7/10⋅a−3/5⋅Iφ2) is derived, assuming the persistent dominance of stochastic magnetic diffusion in the RFP and employing the measured scaling of magnetic fluctuations. The peak velocity fluctuations during a sawtooth cycle scale marginally stronger than magnetic fluctuations but weaker than a simple Ohm's law prediction. The sawtooth period is determined by a resistive-Alfvénic hybrid time (Tsaw∝τRτA) rather than a purely resistive time. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872670
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of core velocity fluctuations and the dynamo in a reversed-field pinch : The 40th annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the american physical society (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 1813-1821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Plasma flow velocity fluctuations have been directly measured in the high-temperature magnetically confined plasma in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) Reversed-Field Pinch (RFP) [R. N. Dexter et al., Fusion Technol. 19, 131 (1991)]. These measurements show that the flow velocity fluctuations are correlated with magnetic field fluctuations such that the electromotive force 〈v˜×B˜〉 approximately balances parallel Ohm's law, E(parallel)+〈v˜×B˜〉(parallel)=ηJ(parallel). This initial measurement is subject to limitations of spatial localization and other uncertainties, but is evidence for sustainment of the RFP magnetic field configuration by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) dynamo, 〈v˜×B˜〉. Both the flow velocity and magnetic field fluctuations are the result of global resistive MHD modes of helicity m=1, n=5–10 in the core of MST. Chord-averaged flow velocity fluctuations are measured in the core of MST by recording the Doppler shift of impurity line emission with a specialized high resolution and throughput grating spectrometer. Magnetic field fluctuations are recorded with a large array of small edge pickup coils, which allows spectral decomposition into discrete modes and subsequent correlation with the velocity fluctuation data. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873439
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