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  • Bone and Bones/*drug effects/physiology  (1)
  • Environment Pollution  (1)
  • 2000-2004  (2)
  • 1
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    Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenotropic signaling of sex steroids (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: We show that sex steroids protect the adult murine skeleton through a mechanism that is distinct from that used to preserve the mass and function of reproductive organs. The classical genotropic actions of sex steroid receptors are dispensable for their bone protective effects, but essential for their effects on reproductive tissues. A synthetic ligand (4-estren-3alpha,17beta-diol) that reproduces the nongenotropic effects of sex steroids, without affecting classical transcription, increases bone mass and strength in ovariectomized females above the level of the estrogen-replete state and is at least as effective as dihydrotestosterone in orchidectomized males, without affecting reproductive organs. Such ligands merit investigation as potential therapeutic alternatives to hormone replacement for osteoporosis in both women and men [corrected].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kousteni, S -- Chen, J R -- Bellido, T -- Han, L -- Ali, A A -- O'Brien, C A -- Plotkin, L -- Fu, Q -- Mancino, A T -- Wen, Y -- Vertino, A M -- Powers, C C -- Stewart, S A -- Ebert, R -- Parfitt, A M -- Weinstein, R S -- Jilka, R L -- Manolagas, S C -- KO2-AR02127/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG13918/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):843-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; Bone and Bones/*drug effects/physiology ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Compressive Strength/drug effects ; Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; Estrenes/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Orchiectomy ; Organ Size/drug effects ; Osteoblasts/*drug effects/physiology ; Osteocalcin/blood ; Osteoclasts/*drug effects/physiology ; Osteogenesis/drug effects ; Osteoporosis/drug therapy ; Ovariectomy ; Pyrazoles/pharmacology ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; Seminal Vesicles/drug effects ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Uterus/drug effects/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Intercomparison of Models Representing Direct Shortwave Radiative Forcing by Sulfate Aerosols (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: The importance of aerosols as agents of climate change has recently been highlighted. However, the magnitude of aerosol forcing by scattering of shortwave radiation (direct forcing) is still very uncertain even for the relatively well characterized sulfate aerosol. A potential source of uncertainty is in the model representation of aerosol optical properties and aerosol influences on radiative transfer in the atmosphere. Although radiative transfer methods and codes have been compared in the past, these comparisons have not focused on aerosol forcing (change in net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere). Here we report results of a project involving 12 groups using 15 models to examine radiative forcing by sulfate aerosol for a wide range of values of particle radius, aerosol optical depth, surface albedo, and solar zenith angle. Among the models that were employed were high and low spectral resolution models incorporating a variety of radiative transfer approximations as well as a line-by-line model. The normalized forcings (forcing per sulfate column burden) obtained with the several radiative transfer models were examined, and the discrepancies were characterized. All models simulate forcings of comparable amplitude and exhibit a similar dependence on input parameters. As expected for a non-light-absorbing aerosol, forcings were negative (cooling influence) except at high surface albedo combined with small solar zenith angle. The relative standard deviation of the zenith-angle-averaged normalized broadband forcing for 15 models-was 8% for particle radius near the maximum in this forcing (approx. 0.2 microns) and at low surface albedo. Somewhat greater model-to-model discrepancies were exhibited at specific solar zenith angles. Still greater discrepancies were exhibited at small particle radii and much greater discrepancies were exhibited at high surface albedos, at which the forcing changes sign; in these situations, however, the normalized forcing is quite small quite small. Discrepancies among the models arise from inaccuracies in Mie calculations, differing treatment of the angular scattering phase function, differing wavelength and angular resolution, and differing treatment of multiple scattering. These results imply the need for standardized radiative transfer methods tailored to the direct aerosol forcing problem. However, the relatively small spread in these results suggests that the uncertainty in forcing arising from the treatment of radiative forcing of a well-characterized aerosol at well-specified surface albedo is smaller than some of the other sources of uncertainty in estimates of direct forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols and anthropogenic aerosols generally.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Paper 98JD00997 , Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosol Data Sets and Application of Radiative Transfer Models to Compute Aerosol Effects
    Format: text
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