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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic Health Risks from Aggregate Exposures to Ionizing Radiation and Chemicals: Scientific Basis for an Assessment Framework (2001)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 21 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Very little quantitative analysis is currently available on the cumulative effects of exposure to multiple hazardous agents that have either similar or different mechanisms of action. Over the past several years, efforts have been made to develop the methodologies for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, but mixed exposures to two or more dissimilar agents such as radiation and one or more chemical agents have not yet been addressed in any substantive way. This article reviews the current understanding of the health risks arising from mixed exposures to ionizing radiation and specific chemicals. Specifically discussed is how mixed radiation/chemical exposures, when evaluated in aggregation, were linked to chronic health endpoints such as cancer and intermediate health outcomes such as chromosomal aberrations. Also considered is the extent to which the current practices are consistent with the scientific understanding of the health risks associated with mixed-agent exposures. From this the discussion moves to the research needs for assessing the cumulative health risks from aggregate exposures to ionizing radiation and chemicals. The evaluation indicates that essentially no guidance has been provided for conducting risk assessment for two agents with different mechanisms of action (i.e., energy deposition from ionizing radiation versus DNA interactions with chemicals) but similar biological endpoints (i.e., chromosomal aberrations, mutations, and cancer). The literature review also reveals the problems caused by the absence of both the basic science and an appropriate evaluation framework for the combined effects of mixed-agent exposures. This makes it difficult to determine whether there is truly no interaction or somehow the interaction is masked by the scale of effect observation or inappropriate dose-response assumptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.t01-1-211085
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-Induced Degradation of Barium Titanate Ceramics Studied by Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging (2003)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 86 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-induced degradation of barium titanate (BTO) ceramics has been investigated using electrochemical hydrogen charging, in which the silver electrodes of BTO ceramic specimens are made cathodes in a 0.01M NaOH solution to evolve hydrogen by electrolysis of water. After 80 h of treatment, the resistance of BTO decreases by ∼3 orders of magnitude, and the dielectric loss obviously increases. The degradation can be explained by the reduction reaction of atomic hydrogen with BTO. Hydrogen acts as a donor in BTO, and electrons are formed by the reduction. It is proposed that the reduction reaction of atomic hydrogen at ambient temperature by electrolysis of water is an important origin for degradation of BTO-based ceramic devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03366.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-Induced Degradation in Zinc Oxide-Based Ceramic Varistors (2002)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 85 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-induced degradation in ZnO-based ceramic varistors is reported. A comparison experiment was conducted in which some varistors were immersed in a 0.05M NaOH solution for some time while other varistors were placed in a 0.05M NaOH solution to evolve hydrogen on their silver electrode by electrolysis of water. No degradation occurred to those samples that were immersed in the NaOH solution; the leakage currents increased by orders of magnitude and the switch voltage remained unchanged in the samples treated by electrolysis of water. These results indicate that the degradation resulted from the reduction reaction of hydrogen atoms generated by electrolysis of water rather than the permeation of water into the ceramics. Because water can be formed on varistors by condensation of aqueous vapor in air and varistors are usually operated under electric fields, it is proposed that the reduction reaction of hydrogen atoms generated by electrolysis of water may be an important origin for the degradation in ZnO varistors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00325.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholesteric helical pitch of near persistence length DNA (1990)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 23 (1990), S. 4140-4148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00220a018
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new hybrid stress element method for the analysis of elastoplastic solids (1992)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 5 (1992), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: elastoplastic ; hybrid stress element ; equivalent stress ; equivalent plastic strain ; non-conforming displacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on a modified Hellinger/Reissner variational principle which includes the equivalent stress, equivalent plastic strain and non-conforming displacement increments as independent variables, a quadrilateral isoparametric hybrid stress element for the analysis of elastoplastic problem is proposed. By this formulation, the yield criterion and flow rule are satisfied in an average sense and greater accuracy can be obtained by using non-conforming displacement. A numerical example is presented to show that the present model has high accuracy and computational effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02207886
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Geminga supernova as a possible cause of the local interstellar bubble (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 361 (1993), S. 706-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Geminga, discovered by SAS-2 in the early 1970s11 and sub-sequently detected by COS-B12, is one of the brightest high-energy (〉100MeV) y-ray sources in the sky, but its nature remained a mystery for 20 years. During this period a tentative X-ray counterpart, 1E0630+178, was found13, as well as ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361706a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the hybrid element methods for stress analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 3 (1990), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: hybrid element method ; displacement model ; hybrid model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new functional which forms the basis of an improved hybrid element formulation is proposed. The variables for the functional include stresses, strains and displacements, and the displacements and stresses are further decomposed into two parts respectively. The proposed new formulation appears to be particularly suitable for improving conforming models. The relationship between the new hybrid elements and the conventional displacement elements are also explored in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206399
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle acceleration, X-rays, and gamma-rays from winds (1994)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 221 (1994), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The instability of the line-driven winds of hot stars leads to the formation of strong shocks. These shocks not only emit thermal X-rays, but also accelerate a small fraction of the thermal electrons and ions to relativistic energies. Synchrotron radiation from these energetic particles can account for the non-thermal radio emission observed from some hot stars, and can also explain the hard X-rays detected in theEinstein X-ray spectra. Our calculations indicate that theγ-ray emission from non-thermal particles should be detectable by GRO. The detection (or non-detection) of these emissions over a wide energy range, from the radio toγ-rays, should provide a great deal of information on the structure of the unstable winds and the physics of particle acceleration by shocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091161
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonthermal radio emission from hot star winds (1994)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 221 (1994), S. 259-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nonthermal radio emission has been observed from some of the most luminous hot star winds. It is understood to be synchrotron radiation of the relativistic electrons in the winds. To understand how the electrons are accelerated to such high energies and to correctly explain the observed radio flux and spectra require an exhaustive investigation of all the relevant physical processes involved and possibly point to a complex wind structure. In this paper we discuss the logical path toward a comprehensive model of the nonthermal radio emission from hot star winds. Based on the available observational data and fundamental theoretical considerations, we found that the only physically viable and self-consistent scenario is:the nonthermal radio emission is synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons ⇄ the electrons are accelerated by shocks via the first-order Fermi mechanism ⇄ the acceleration has to be in situ in the radio emitting region ⇄ the shocks formed at the base of the winds have to propagate to beyond the radio photosphere).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091158
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture Mechanics Studies of Adhesion in Biological Systems (2000)
    Springer
    Interface science 8 (2000), S. 95-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: adhesion ; webbing ; contact angle ; fracture mechanics ; JKR ; gelatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fracture mechanics based methodology for quantifying adhesive interactions between soft solids, or between a soft solid and a rigid substrate, is reviewed. An emphasis is placed on the application of these techniques to the characterization of adhesive interactions in biological systems. Results from experiments involving the adhesion of gelatin hydrogels to hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates are described as an illustration of the application of these methods. In these experiments a hemispherical gelatin cap is brought into contact with a flat surface. Separation of the two materials is described in terms of crack propagation along the gelatin/substrate interface. Simultaneous measurements of the applied load, the resulting displacement, and the contact area between the two materials enable us to determine the elastic modulus of the cap, in addition to the crack driving force, or energy release rate. The adhesive behavior of the interface is quantified by the relationship between the energy release rate and the crack velocity. Analogies are made to information obtained from contact angle measurements, and from measurements made with the Israelachvili surface forces apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008795623603
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