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  • Other Sources  (39)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (39)
  • 1
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    A quantitative test of solar modulation theory - The proton, helium, and electron spectra from 1965 through 1979 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The predictions of a conventional, spherically symmetric model of solar modulation have been compared with the measured spectra of positively and negatively charged galactic cosmic-ray particles at 1 AU throughout the 1965-1976 solar cycle and through the enhanced modulation of 1979. For the proton/helium, proton/electron, and helium/electron flux ratios, there is remarkably good agreement between theory and experiment, except for small differences in 1965 and 1969. Possible systematic experimental errors are discussed, and it is concluded that: (1) the 11 year modulation process is largely independent of the sign of the particle charge; and (2) the assumption of steady state is a fairly good approximation for long term modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 275; L15-L18
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  • 2
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    Pioneer 11 observations of trapped particle absorption by Amalthea (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The discovery of a microsignatury of trapped radiation in the Amalthea orbit as detected by Pioneer 11 in a flyby of Juptier in 1974 is reported and its implications for the radial diffusion coefficient in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere are discussed. A low energy telescope registered the absorption of low-energy protons as a function of the magnetic L shell durig inbound and outbound trajectories. Drift velocities of the 1 MeV particles were calculated. No correspondingly heightened effects were observed from high-energy electrons or heavier nuclei. Further analysis of the 0.5-8.7 MeV protons showed data to be consistent erosion of the particle drift shadows by a diffusion process. A limit was calculated for the highest diffusion coefficient value for the 1 MeV protons at the Amalthea orbit. The results indicate that the diffusion is driven by fluctuating electric or magnetic fields.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Jan. 1
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  • 3
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    Pioneer 11 observations of trapped particle absorption by the Jovian ring and the satellites 1979, J1, J2, and J3 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pioneer 11 low energy telescope observation of charged particles around the Jovian satellites Amalthea, 1979 J1, J2, and J3, and the Jupiter ring are examined in the light of Voyager optical data from the same region. Good agreement was found in the absorption features of 0.5-8.7 MeV protons, electrons with energies of 3.4 MeV or more, and medium-Z nuclei. The heavier nuclei are suggested to be oxygen and sulfur particles with energies exceeding 70 MeV/nucleon. The observed intensity features in the regularly spaced radiation bands are interpreted as ring and satellite absorption.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Jan. 1
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  • 4
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    The isotopic composition of magnesium nuclei in solar flares (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 245
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  • 5
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    The trapped radiations of Saturn and their absorption by satellites and rings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Pioneer 11 encounter with Saturn has revealed the existence of a fully developed magnetosphere with high-energy trapped radiation about Saturn. The present paper gives a detailed summary of the energetic charged particle measurements, including the overall characteristics of the trapped electron, proton, and helium radiation, which was found to lie inside 20 Saturn radii from the planet, and the regions extending outward to beyond the planetary bow shocks and into the interplanetary medium.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 6
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    Sources of high-energy protons in Saturn's magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The passage of Pioneer 11 through Saturn's magnetosphere revealed an especially intense region of high-energy particle fluxes that places unique constraints on models for sources of high-energy protons in the innermost radiation zones. Of special interest is the flux of protons with energies above 35 MeV which was measured with a fission cell in the innermost magnetosphere between the A ring and the orbit of Mimas. The negative phase space density gradients derived from the proton and electron observations in this region imply that steady-state inward diffusion from the outer magnetosphere is not an adequate source for these high-energy protons. In the present paper, the nature of the Crand source at Saturn is examined, and its significance for injection of high-energy protons into the region inside L = 4 is estimated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 7
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    Charged particle anisotropics in Saturn's magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The paper deals with observations of anisotropies and pitch angle distributions for 0.5 to 1.8 MeV protons and 7 to 17 MeV electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere. In the outer magnetosphere (L = 6), there is clear evidence for corotation of the proton flux. The pitch-angle distribution shows maximum flux perpendicular to the magnetic field ('pancake' distribution). Observed changes in the amplitude and shape of the pitch angle distributions suggest the existence of substantial temporal variations in the outer magnetosphere. From L = 6 to L = 4, the proton intensity decreased by more than two orders of magnitude, while the pitch angle distribution shifted to a 'dumbbell' form (maximum flux parallel to magnetic field).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 8
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    Saturnian trapped radiation and its absorption by satellites and rings - The first results from Pioneer 11 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Preliminary results from Pioneer 11 concerning the acceleration and trapping of charged particles in the magnetic field of Saturn are reported. The identification and measurement of the intensities and spectra of charged particle species was performed by an experiment including four charged particle sensor systems, within 20 Saturn radii of the planet. Increases in the intensity of 0.5- to 1.8-MeV protons within 15 Saturn radii indicate the trapping and acceleration of particles in the dipole field region, while a decrease in proton intensity between seven and four Saturn radii is attributed to absorption by Dione and Enceladus and possibly ring material as well. Proton and electron intensity distributions are found to be axially symmetric within four Saturn radii, indicating a centered dipole aligned with the planetary rotation axis. Trapped radiation absorption at the orbit of Mimas is analyzed to obtain an upper limit of 4 x 10 to the -8th Saturn radii-squared/sec to the inward diffusion coefficient; an absorption-like feature observed at L = 2.5 is attributed to a previously unidentified satellite of diameter less than 200 km and semimajor axis 2.51 Saturn radii. Radiation absorption by the newly discovered F ring was also observed, however beneath the A, B and C rings a low flux of high-energy electrons was detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 9
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    The heliospheric intensity gradients of the anomalous He4 and the galactic cosmic-ray components (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements made with Pioneers 10 and 11 over the radial range of 1 to about 25 AU from 1972 to 1981 are presented to show that at solar minimum (1972-1977), the radial gradient for the anomalous helium component from 11 to 20 MeV/n is about 14%/AU. This result is significantly smaller than that predicted for either charge state of the component based on the observed spectrum and assumptions of conventional solar modulation for particles propagating inward from the heliospheric boundary. It is confirmed that the solar modulation mechanism that determines the level and distribution of low-energy galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere, also modulates the He(A) spectrum. With increasing modulation between solar minimum and maximum, the 10-20 MeV/n He(A) flux decreases below the flux of modulated galactic He first at 1 AU and then progressively outward to 22-25 AU over an approximately two year period.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 257
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  • 10
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    High-energy trapped radiation penetrating the rings of Saturn (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electrons and protons of energies from 2 to 25 MeV and greater than 67 MeV, respectively, have been discovered throughout the entire equatorial region inward from the outer edge of the A ring at L = 2.3 to the periapsis of the Pioneer trajectory at L = 1.3. The trapped radiation found in Saturn's magnetosphere beyond L = 2.3 is totally absent here. The present paper deals with the measurements in this region under the rings, and their interpretation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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