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  • 2015-2019  (84)
  • 1
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    Superconductivity in the ferromagnetic semiconductor samarium nitride (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): E.-M. Anton, S. Granville, A. Engel, S. V. Chong, M. Governale, U. Zülicke, A. G. Moghaddam, H. J. Trodahl, F. Natali, S. Vézian, and B. J. Ruck Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are two generally incompatible states of matter. Their coexistence has been observed only under very unusual circumstances and so far only in metals. In contrast, most semiconductors are not naturally magnetic or superconducting, but introducing magnetism or superconductivity into semiconductors is seen as an important step towards radical improvement of our electronics capabilities and therefore a hotly pursued goal. Here, the authors report the discovery of superconductivity coexisting with ferromagnetism in the semiconducting material samarium nitride (SmN). The large intrinsic exchange splitting of the conduction band in SmN requires the superconducting order to be of unconventional (likely p -wave) type. Superconductivity is observed to be even further enhanced in superlattices where layers of SmN alternate with layers made of the strongly ferromagnetic but non-superconducting material gadolinium nitride. These features render SmN an interesting laboratory for understanding more about the fundamentals of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in semiconductors and exploring opportunities for integrating superconducting spintronics into the design of semiconductor-based electronic devices. [Phys. Rev. B 94, 024106] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 2
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    Vibrational effects on surface energies and band gaps in hexagonal and cubic ice (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: Surface energies of hexagonal and cubic water ice are calculated using first-principles quantum mechanical methods, including an accurate description of anharmonic nuclear vibrations. We consider two proton-orderings of the hexagonal and cubic ice basal surfaces and three proton-orderings of hexagonal ice prism surfaces, finding that vibrations reduce the surface energies by more than 10%. We compare our vibrational densities of states to recent sum frequency generation absorption measurements and identify surface proton-orderings of experimental ice samples and the origins of characteristic absorption peaks. We also calculate zero point quantum vibrational corrections to the surface electronic band gaps, which range from −1.2 eV for the cubic ice basal surface up to −1.4 eV for the hexagonal ice prism surface. The vibrational corrections to the surface band gaps are up to 12% smaller than for bulk ice.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7690
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 3
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    Water, Vol. 11, Pages 1603: Hydrologic Response in an Urban Watershed as Affected by Climate and Land-Use Change (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Water
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The change in both streamflow and baseflow in urban catchments has received significant attention in recent decades as a result of their drastic variability. In this research, effects of climate variation and dynamics of land use are measured separately and in combination with streamflow and baseflow in the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed (Indianapolis, Indiana). These effects are examined using land-use maps, statistical tests, and hydrological modeling. Transition matrix analysis was used to investigate the change in land use between 1992 and 2011. Temporal trends and changes in meteorological data were evaluated from 1980–2017 using the Mann–Kendall test. Changes in streamflow and baseflow were assessed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model using multiple scenarios that varied in land use and climate change. Evaluation of the model outputs showed streamflow and baseflow in LEC are well represented using SWAT. During 1992–2011, roughly 30% of the watershed experienced change, typically cultivated agricultural areas became urbanized. Baseflow is significantly affected by the observed urbanization; however, the combination of land and climate variability has a larger effect on the baseflow in LEC. Generally, the variability in the baseflow and streamflow appears to be heavily driven by the response to climate change in comparison to variability due to altered land use. The results reported herein expand the current understanding of variation in hydrological components, and provide useful information for management planning regarding water resources, as well as water and soil conservation in urban watersheds in Indiana and beyond.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4441
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 4
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    Agronomy, Vol. 9, Pages 534: Is Cattle Manure Application with Plastic-Film Mulch a Good Choice for Potato Production? (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Agronomy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Using manure in potato production has been considered for its potential environmentally friendly effects. Two years of field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different kinds of fertilizer and soil surface treatments on potato growth. Experimental treatments consisted of three soil surface treatments, including black plastic-film mulch (BM), transparent film-plastic mulch (TM), and non-mulched (NM) treatment, and two fertilizer treatments, including inorganic fertilizer (IF), and cattle manure (CM). The results showed that low environmental temperatures at early growth stages harmed potato growth. The more suitable hydrothermal environment under BM treatment induced 9–67%, 1–223%, 15–30%, −1–11% and 18–34% greater plant height, leaf area index (LAI), tuber yield, crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and water use efficiency (WUE), respectively, than NM and TM treatments. Plastic-film mulch increased soil carbon dioxide concentration, especially for the TM treatment. With low soil nitrogen content during the whole growth stage, and high soil carbon dioxide concentration during sprout and seedling stages, the CM treatment reduced plant height, LAI, tuber yields, ETc and WUE by 27–155%, 2–96%, 6–23%, 2–6% and 8–25%, respectively. These results suggest that inorganic fertilizer with black plastic-film mulch is still the best choice for potato production, and further studies are needed to identify the best level of cattle manure used under black plastic-film mulch.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4395
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 5
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    Giant electron-phonon interactions in molecular crystals and the importance of nonquadratic coupling (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-16
    Description: Author(s): Bartomeu Monserrat, Edgar A. Engel, and Richard J. Needs We investigate electron-phonon coupling in the molecular crystals CH 4 ,   NH 3 ,   H 2 O , and HF, using first-principles quantum mechanical calculations. We find vibrational corrections to the electronic band gaps at zero temperature of − 1.97 eV, − 1.01 eV, − 1.52 eV, and − 1.62 eV, respectively, which are comp… [Phys. Rev. B 92, 140302(R)] Published Thu Oct 15, 2015
    Keywords: Dynamics, dynamical systems, lattice effects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 6
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    Simulations of Inner Radiation Belt Proton Loss During Geomagnetic Storms (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-16
    Description: The loss of protons in the outer part of the inner radiation belt (L = 2 to 3) during the 6 April 2000 SEP event has been investigated using test particle simulations that follow full Lorentz trajectories with both magnetic and electric fields calculated from an empirical model. The electric fields are calculated as inductive fields generated by the time changing magnetic field, which is achieved by time stepping TS05. The simulation results are compared with proton measurements from the HEO satellite for three different energy ranges (8.5 - 35 MeV, 16 - 40 MeV, and 27 - 45 MeV) as well as previous modeling work done. In previous work, inner zone radiation belt loss during geomagnetic storms has been modeled by simulating field line curvature scattering in static magnetic field snapshots with no electric field. The inclusion of the inductive electric field causes an increase in loss to lower L shells, improving the agreement with the satellite data.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Anharmonic Nuclear Motion and the Relative Stability of Hexagonal and Cubic ice (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-27
    Description: Author(s): Edgar A. Engel, Bartomeu Monserrat, and Richard J. Needs Water is an abundant resource on Earth and at low temperatures it occurs in hexagonal and cubic forms that differ only in molecular arrangements. Researchers use quantum-mechanical simulations to explain why hexagonal ice has a lower overall free energy than the cubic form and thus why snowflakes are hexagonal. [Phys. Rev. X 5, 021033] Published Wed Jun 24, 2015
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-3308
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 8
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 3535: Assessment of the Impacts of Land Use/Cover Change and Rainfall Change on Surface Runoff in China (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Assessment of the impacts of land use/cover change (LUCC) and rainfall change on surface runoff depth can help provide an understanding of the temporal trend of variation of surface runoff and assist in urban construction planning. This study evaluated the impacts of LUCC and rainfall change on surface runoff depth by adopting the well-known Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method and the widely used Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model. National hydrologic soil group map of China was generated based on a conversion from soil texture classification system. The CN values were adjusted based on the land use/cover types and soil properties in China. The L-THIA model was configured by using the adjusted CN values and then applied nationally in China. Results show that nationwide rainfall changes and LUCC from 2005 to 2010 had little impact on the distribution of surface runoff, and the high values of runoff depth were mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Nationally, the average annual runoff depths in 2005, 2010 and 2015 were 78 mm, 83 mm and 90 mm, respectively. For the 2015 land use data, rainfall change caused the variation of surface runoff depth ranging from −203 mm to 476 mm in different regions. LUCC from 2005 to 2015 did not cause obvious change of surface runoff depth, but expansion of developed land led to runoff depth increases ranging from 0 mm to 570 mm and 0 mm to 742 mm from 2005 to 2010 and 2010 to 2015, respectively. Potential solutions to urban land use change and surface runoff control were also analyzed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 9
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    Improved Simulations of The Inner Magnetosphere During High Geomagnetic Activity With the RAM‐SCB Model (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Simulating times of high geomagnetic activity are an important part of the continuing efforts to understand space weather and its impacts on humanity. Recent improvements to the Ring‐current Atmosphere interactions Model with Self‐Consistent magnetic field (RAM‐SCB) have been undertaken, with the purpose of expanding the accuracy and robustness of the model during these highly active times. The improvements include a number of changes to the functionality of both the RAM model and the self‐consistent magnetic field calculation. In addition, the models have been modernized and rewritten in an effort to make them more user friendly and understandable. The effect of these changes is shown by simulating the day of 17 March 2013, which saw Sym‐H drop below −100 nT and included a magnetosphere push‐in within geosynchronous orbit. The comparison between the previous model configuration and this new configuration is investigated by calculating a series of metrics for the relation between the observed and modeled Sym‐H, as well as the 〉10‐keV electron flux measured by the HOPE and MAGEIS instruments aboard RBSP‐B and the simulated electron flux. These metrics show that the improvements to the model have increased the accuracy of the model for the given simulation.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Choice-correlated activity fluctuations underlie learning of neuronal category representation (2015)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: Article The ability to categorize stimuli into discrete behaviourally relevant groups is an essential cognitive function. Here, the authors demonstrate a critical role for choice-correlated activity fluctuations in the emergence of stable cortical category representations. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms7454 Authors: Tatiana A. Engel, Warasinee Chaisangmongkon, David J. Freedman, Xiao-Jing Wang
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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