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  • Oxford University Press  (3)
  • 2010-2014  (3)
  • 2014  (3)
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  • 2010-2014  (3)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-03-20
    Description: Most land plant plastomes contain two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) that promote high-frequency homologous recombination to generate isomeric genomic forms. Among conifer plastomes, this canonical IR is highly reduced in Pinaceae and completely lost from cupressophytes. However, both lineages have acquired short, novel IRs, some of which also exhibit recombinational activity to generate genomic structural diversity. This diversity has been shown to exist between, and occasionally within, cupressophyte species, but it is not known whether multiple genomic forms coexist within individual plants. To examine the recombinational potential of the novel cupressophyte IRs within individuals and between species, we sequenced the plastomes of four closely related species of Juniperus . The four plastomes have identical gene content and genome organization except for a large 36 kb inversion between approximately 250 bp IR containing trnQ-UUG . Southern blotting showed that different isomeric versions of the plastome predominate among individual junipers, whereas polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput read-pair mapping revealed the substoichiometric presence of the alternative isomeric form within each individual plant. Furthermore, our comparative genomic studies demonstrate that the predominant and substoichiometric arrangements of this IR have changed several times in other cupressophytes as well. These results provide compelling evidence for substoichiometric shifting of plastomic forms during cupressophyte evolution and suggest that substoichiometric shifting activity in plastid genomes may be adaptive.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: Snake venom gene evolution has been studied intensively over the past several decades, yet most previous studies have lacked the context of complete snake genomes and the full context of gene expression across diverse snake tissues. We took a novel approach to studying snake venom evolution by leveraging the complete genome of the Burmese python, including information from tissue-specific patterns of gene expression. We identified the orthologs of snake venom genes in the python genome, and conducted detailed analysis of gene expression of these venom homologs to identify patterns that differ between snake venom gene families and all other genes. We found that venom gene homologs in the python are expressed in many different tissues outside of oral glands, which illustrates the pitfalls of using transcriptomic data alone to define "venom toxins." We hypothesize that the python may represent an ancestral state prior to major venom development, which is supported by our finding that the expansion of venom gene families is largely restricted to highly venomous caenophidian snakes. Therefore, the python provides insight into biases in which genes were recruited for snake venom systems. Python venom homologs are generally expressed at lower levels, have higher variance among tissues, and are expressed in fewer organs compared with all other python genes. We propose a model for the evolution of snake venoms in which venom genes are recruited preferentially from genes with particular expression profile characteristics, which facilitate a nearly neutral transition toward specialized venom system expression.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Description: Gene expression profiling of various cell lineages has provided invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular development and differentiation. However, in vivo molecular profiling of rare and interspersed cell populations, such as endothelial cells, has remained challenging. We have generated a versatile floxed translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) mouse model, mCherryTRAP, for Cre-dependent translational profiling of distinct cell lineages from intact tissues. To identify cell type–specific transcripts using TRAP, the data have to be filtered to remove both background transcripts not expressed in the profiled cell type and transcripts expressed in all cell populations of the tissue/organ. Filtering has previously been achieved using transcribed RNA from the tissue/organ. Using the mCherryTRAP model, we demonstrate extensive differential expression of RNAs between the translatome and transcriptome of embryonic brains and kidneys. We evaluate the implications of these data for TRAP studies of abundant and rare cell populations. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the technology to study organ-specific endothelial cell differentiation.
    Keywords: Ribosomes and Protein Translation
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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