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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of Calcium Release in Functioning Skeletal Muscle Fibers (1994)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 56 (1994), S. 463-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.002335
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Doppler measurement of turbulence parameters in a two-dimensional plane wall jet (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 6 (1994), S. 3116-3129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer-controlled data acquisition system has been designed and constructed to automate measurement of turbulent velocity correlations in a two-dimensional turbulent wall jet. Measurements are made with a single component laser Doppler velocimeter system in a flow of air on a flat plate with stagnant surroundings. Measurements of a number of turbulence parameters have been completed and compared with existing hot-wire data. The measurements are made at two downstream locations at a Reynolds number, based on slot width, of 14 000. Earlier hot-wire data for a two-dimensional turbulent wall jet in stagnant surroundings show much scatter in the outer region where local turbulence intensities range from 40% to 70%. The laser Doppler velocimeter gives repeatable values and eliminates the bias in hot-wire measurements due to reversing flow and errors in corrections for high turbulence effects. The measured turbulent normal stresses are somewhat higher than those previously reported throughout the flow field. The turbulent shear stress is in good agreement with previous hot-wire results near the wall. Hot wires are shown to indicate low values of the Reynolds stress in the turbulent outer regions where they are affected by strong flow reversals. The new measurements agree well with predictions based on momentum integral methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868136
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combination of static-field gel electrophoresis and densitometric scanning for the determination of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in CHO cells (1994)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 33 (1994), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental setup using static-field gel electrophoresis (SFGE) was developed to determine radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in CHO-K1 cells after exposure to X-rays or heavy charged particles. The fraction of DNA eluted into the gel matrix depends on the quantity of DSBs introduced. In agreement with a recent report, SFGE and pulsed-field electrophoresis were found to be equally sensitive in DSB detection. With radiolabeled DNA from cell cultures, the absolute amount of DNA migrating out of agarose plugs into the gel was quantified by determining the radioactivity in the gel lane. Alternatively, relative measurements of the amount of DNA released into the gel were achieved with a standardized protocol for both SFGE and a subsequent densitometric scanning of photographic negatives from gels stained with ethidium bromide. After calibration with the radioactive method, the fractions of DNA retained could be calculated directly from the data obtained with the densitometric assay to set up classical dose-effect curves. This procedure was validated for its application with heavy ions using an 500 MeV/u lead beam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01219335
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compression control and its significance in the manufacture and effects on properties of poplar LVL (1994)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 28 (1994), S. 285-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary In order to control the compression effectively, the main processing parameters for hot-pressing of poplar LVL were investigated in this study. Results from an orthogonal experiment show qualitatively that compression of poplar LVL is influenced by pressing pressure and moisture content of the veneers. High press pressure and veneer moisture content lead to high compression during hot pressing. It is shown that compression has significant effects on modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, specific gravity and thickness swelling of poplar LVL. Modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and specific gravity appear to be directly proportional to compression within the compression range of 5% to 20%. Horizontal shear strength results indicate that, due to inadequate contact, proper glue bond may not be achieved between veneers of LVL with low compression. Thickness swelling appears not sensitive to compression between the compression range of 4% to 10%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204214
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning force microscopy of oriented iso- and syndiotactic polypropylene films (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 637-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Different scanning force microscopy (SFM) modes were applied for the examination of drawn films of isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylene, iPP and sPP. Uniaxially stretched films with a draw ratio λ=6 were studied at ambient conditions, and under water. In iPP films striated patterns of 40–50 nm in width, which are oriented along the stretching direction, exhibit shish-kebab morphology. The dominating nanoscale features are nanofibrils of 10–15 nm in width, and lamellar platelets, which are 40–50 nm in width and 30–35 nm in length. In many places lamellar platelets are closely packed, and they form periodical sequences with a repeat distance of 30–35 nm, which is consistent with thelong period. Similar and differing morphological features were found comparing the images of iPP and sPP films. Extended fibrillar patterns of sPP exhibit similar width in the 40–50 nm range, while the lamellar structure is more compact, and the platelets are less uniform in length than those in iPP. The length of lamellar platelets ranges from 30 to 60 nm, and they form local periodical patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973913
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A finite element method and stabilization method for a non-linear tricomi problem (1994)
    Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 17 (1994), S. 681-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-4214
    Keywords: Mathematics and Statistics ; Applied Mathematics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We prove using the Faedo-Galerkin method the existence of a generalized solution of an initial-boundary value problem for the non-linear evolution equation0 ≤ Q ≤ 2, in a cylinder QT = Ω × (0, T), where T u = yuxx + uyy is the Tricomi operator and l(u) a special differential operator of first order. We then show that the approximate generalized solution of problem (*) converges to the approximate generalized solution of the corresponding stationary boundary value problem as t → ∞.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.1670170903
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of sphere-size distributions in two-phase polymeric materials from transmission electron microscopy data (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The blending of two immiscible polymer samples can lead to spherical inclusions of one component in a matrix of the other component. The mechanical solid-state properties as well as the flow behavior of the m+lt depend on the size of the spheres in the blend. For that reason, the sphere-size distribution is of major interest. Information about this distribution is often obtained by analyzing thin slices of the blend with transmission electron microscopy. In that way, however, the sphere-size distribution itself is not obtained. The reconstruction of the sphere-size distribution is introduced as a stereological problem, well known in fields as metallurgy, biology, geology, and medicine. It is shown that the sphere-size distribution can be reconstructed using a regularization method as implemented in the program FTIKREG. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kristallstrukturen von MgCr2O4-Typ Li2VCl4 und Spinell-Typ Li2MgCl4 und Li2CdCl4Professor Wolfgang Sawodny zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 791-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dilithium magnesium tetrachloride ; dilithium vanadium tetrachloride ; dilithium cadmium tetrachloride ; crystal structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structures of MgCrO4-type Li2VCl4 and Spinel-type Li2MgCl4 and Li2CdCl4The crystal structures of the ternary lithium chlorides Li2MCl4 (M = Mg, V, Cd) have been determined firstly by X-ray single-crystal experiments. Li2MgCl4 and Li2CdCl4 crystallize in an inverse spinel structure (space group Fd3m, Z = 8, a = 1 040.1(2) and 1 062.06(9) pm, structural parameters u = 0.25699(2) and 0.2550(1), R = 1.7 and 3.7% for 218 and 211 unique reflections). The Li—Cl distances of the tetrahedrally coordinated Li+ ions are significantly greater than calculated with Shannon's crystal radii ( 〉 238 ± 1 instead of 233 pm). Contrary to the results of X-ray powder data reported in the literature, Li2VCl4 crystallizes in the distorted spinel structure of MgCr2O4 type (space group F43m, Z = 8, a = 1 037.49(2) pm, R = 5.9% for 217 unique reflections). The decrease of the site symmetry of the octahedrally coordinated ions (V2+, Li+) from 3m to 3m resulting in contracted and widened tetrahedral M4 entities of the spinel structure is obviously caused by V—V metal - metal bonds (shortest V—V distance 366.2(7) pm).
    Notes: Die Kristallstrukturen der ternären Lithiumchloride Li2MCl4 (M = Mg, V, Cd) wurden mittels Röntgen-Einkristallmessungen bestimmt. Li2MgCl4 und Li2CdCl4 kristallisieren in einer inversen Spinell-Struktur (Raumgruppe Fd3m, Z = 8, a = 1 040,1(2) und 1 062,06(9) pm, Lageparameter u = 0,25699(2) bzw. 0,2550(1), R = 1,7 bzw. 3,7% bei 218 bzw. 211 symmetrieunabhängigen Reflexen). Die Li—Cl-Abstände der tetraedrisch koordinierten Li+-Ionen sind signifikant größer als erwartet ( 〉 238 ± 1 anstatt 233 pm). Li2VCl4 kristallisiert entgegen Literaturangaben in der verzerrten Spinell-Struktur des MgCrO4-Typs (Raumgruppe F43m, Z = 8, a = 1 037,49(2) pm, R = 5,9% bei 217 symmetrieunabhängigen Reflexen). Die Erniedrigung der Lage-Symmetrie der oktaedrisch koordinierten Ionen (V2+, Li+) von 3m nach 3m, die alternierend zu einer Kontraktion und einer Aufweitung der tetraedrischen M4-Baueinheiten der Spinell-Struktur führt, wird von V—V—Metall - Metall-Bindungen verursacht (kürzester V—V-Abstand 366,2(7) pm).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200505
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Struktur einer kristallinen Hochtemperaturmodifikation des Calciumultraphosphats, CaP4O11, und die kristallographische Orientierungsbeziehung zur Raumtemperaturphase (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 766-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: CaP4O11 ; crystal structure ; orientation relation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure of a High Temperature Modification of Calciumultraphosphate, CaP4O11, and its Crystallographic Orientation Relation with Respect to the Room Temperature PhaseThe title compound was obtained by heating a mixture of CaCO3, P4O10 in excess and H3PO4 in excess as well to 500°C and annealing for 10 days. The Calciumultraphosphate, CaP4O11, transforms at 85°C in a hot nitrogen gas stream into a second modification with orthorhombic space group (Aba2), the structure of which was determined: a = 12.683 Å, b = 12.090 Å, c = 12.627 Å, Z = 8, layer structure, R = 0.034. The crystallographic orientation relation between the two phases of CaP4O11 was determined.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung wurde durch Erhitzen von CaCO3 mit einem Überschuß an P4O10 und H3PO4 auf 500°C und anschließendes Tempern (10 Tage) erhalten. Das gebildete CaP4O11 wandelt sich im heißen N2-Strom bei 85°C in eine zweite CaP4O11-Modifikation um, deren Struktur bestimmt wurde: a = 12,683 Å, b = 12,090 Å, c = 12,627 Å, orthorhombische Raumgruppe Aba2, Z = 8, Schichtstruktur, R = 0,034. Die kristallographische Orientierungsbeziehung zwischen den beiden Phasen des CaP4O11 wurde ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200431
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Kenntnis des Natrium-tetrahydroxoaluminat-chlorids Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 771-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tetrahydroxoaluminate chloride, Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Sodium Tetrahydroxoaluminate Chloride Na2[Al(OH)4]ClThe hitherto unknown compound Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl was prepared by crystallisation from a NaCl containing sodium aluminate solution. According to the X-ray single crystal investigation (tetragonal, space group P4/nmm, a = 7.541 Å, c = 5.059 Å, Z = 2) the compound represents the first example of a crystalline hydroxoaluminate with monomeric [Al(OH)4]- anions. Cl- shows a quadratic anti prismatic coordination to 4 Na+ and over hydrogen bonds to 4 O2- while Na+ is octahedrally coordinated by 4 O2- and 2 Cl- (axial). The results of the crystal structure analysis are confirmed by 27Al and 23Na MAS NMR investigations. Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl decomposes at about 200°C without intermediates under formation of β-NaAlO2 and NaCl.
    Notes: Die bisher unbekannte Verbindung Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl wurde durch Kristallisation aus mit NaCl versetzter Natriumaluminatlösung erhalten. Entsprechend der Röntgenstrukturanalyse an einem Einkristall (tetragonal, Raumgruppe P4/nmm, a = 7,541 Å, c = 5,059 Å, Z = 2) liegt mit dieser Verbindung erstmals ein Beispiel für ein kristallines Hydroxoaluminat mit monomeren [Al(OH)4]--Anionen vor. Cl- ist quadratisch antiprismatisch mit 4 Na+ sowie über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit 4 O2- koordiniert, während Na+ oktaedrisch von 4 O2- und 2 Cl- (axial) umgeben ist. Die Ergebnisse der Kristallstrukturanalyse werden durch 27Al- und 23Na-MAS-NMR-Messungen bestätigt. Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl zersetzt sich ohne Zwischenprodukte bei 200°C zu β-NaAlO2 und NaCl.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200432
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