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Description: Forest inventory studies in the Amazon indicate a large terrestrial carbon sink. However, field plots may fail to represent forest mortality processes at landscape-scales of tropical forests. Here we characterize the frequency distribution of disturbance events in natural forests from 0.01 ha to 2,651 ha size throughout Amazonia using a novel combination of forest inventory, airborne lidar and satellite remote sensing data. We find that small-scale mortality events are responsible for aboveground biomass losses of ~1.28 Pg C y−1 over the entire Amazon region. We also find that intermediate-scale disturbances account for losses of ~0.01 Pg C y−1, and that the largest-scale disturbances as a result of blow-downs only account for losses of ~0.003 Pg C y−1. Simulation of growth and mortality indicates that even when all carbon losses from intermediate and large-scale disturbances are considered, these are outweighed by the net biomass accumulation by tree growth, supporting the inference of an Amazon carbon sink.

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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21st Century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions (2018)

Aragão, Luiz E. O. C. ; Anderson, Liana O. ; Fonseca, Marisa G. ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2018; 9(1): 536. Published 2018 Feb 13. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02771-y.

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Publication Date: 2018-02-13

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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Author Correction: Long-term carbon sink in Borneo’s forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edge effects (2018)

Qie, Lan ; Lewis, Simon L. ; Sullivan, Martin J. P. ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2018; 9(1): 342. Published 2018 Jan 19. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-02920-x.

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Publication Date: 2018-01-19

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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Hyperdominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling (2015)

Fauset, Sophie ; Johnson, Michelle O. ; Gloor, Manuel ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2015; 6(1): 6857. Published 2015 Apr 28. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7857.

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Publication Date: 2015-04-28

Description: While Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, the abundance of trees is skewed strongly towards relatively few ‘hyperdominant’ species. In addition to their diversity, Amazonian trees are a key component of the global carbon cycle, assimilating and storing more carbon than any other ecosystem on Earth. Here we ask, using a unique data set of 530 forest plots, if the functions of storing and producing woody carbon are concentrated in a small number of tree species, whether the most abundant species also dominate carbon cycling, and whether dominant species are characterized by specific functional traits. We find that dominance of forest function is even more concentrated in a few species than is dominance of tree abundance, with only ≈1% of Amazon tree species responsible for 50% of carbon storage and productivity. Although those species that contribute most to biomass and productivity are often abundant, species maximum size is also influential, while the identity and ranking of dominant species varies by function and by region.

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests (2020)

Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane ; Phillips, Oliver L. ; Brienen, Roel J. W. ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2020; 11(1): 5515. Published 2020 Nov 09. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18996-3.

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Publication Date: 2020-11-09

Description: The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing 〉 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted—modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth–survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality.

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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Non-structural carbohydrates mediate seasonal water stress across Amazon forests (2021)

Signori-Müller, Caroline ; Oliveira, Rafael S. ; Barros, Fernanda de Vasconcellos ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1): 2310. Published 2021 Apr 19. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22378-8.

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Publication Date: 2021-04-19

Description: Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are major substrates for plant metabolism and have been implicated in mediating drought-induced tree mortality. Despite their significance, NSC dynamics in tropical forests remain little studied. We present leaf and branch NSC data for 82 Amazon canopy tree species in six sites spanning a broad precipitation gradient. During the wet season, total NSC (NSCT) concentrations in both organs were remarkably similar across communities. However, NSCT and its soluble sugar (SS) and starch components varied much more across sites during the dry season. Notably, the proportion of leaf NSCT in the form of SS (SS:NSCT) increased greatly in the dry season in almost all species in the driest sites, implying an important role of SS in mediating water stress in these sites. This adjustment of leaf NSC balance was not observed in tree species less-adapted to water deficit, even under exceptionally dry conditions. Thus, leaf carbon metabolism may help to explain floristic sorting across water availability gradients in Amazonia and enable better prediction of forest responses to future climate change.

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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Mature Andean forests as globally important carbon sinks and future carbon refuges (2021)

Duque, Alvaro ; Peña, Miguel A. ; Cuesta, Francisco ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1): 2138. Published 2021 Apr 09. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22459-8.

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Publication Date: 2021-04-09

Description: It is largely unknown how South America’s Andean forests affect the global carbon cycle, and thus regulate climate change. Here, we measure aboveground carbon dynamics over the past two decades in 119 monitoring plots spanning a range of 〉3000 m elevation across the subtropical and tropical Andes. Our results show that Andean forests act as strong sinks for aboveground carbon (0.67 ± 0.08 Mg C ha−1 y−1) and have a high potential to serve as future carbon refuges. Aboveground carbon dynamics of Andean forests are driven by abiotic and biotic factors, such as climate and size-dependent mortality of trees. The increasing aboveground carbon stocks offset the estimated C emissions due to deforestation between 2003 and 2014, resulting in a net total uptake of 0.027 Pg C y−1. Reducing deforestation will increase Andean aboveground carbon stocks, facilitate upward species migrations, and allow for recovery of biomass losses due to climate change.

Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Springer Nature

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