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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(331)
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Description / Table of Contents: Limestone is a highly successful and widely used building material, found in many important historic buildings and new monuments around the world. Whilst its success reflects its durability under a wide range of environmental conditions, there are still important questions surrounding the selection, use and conservation of building limestones. In order to make best use of new limestone today, and to conserve old limestone most effectively, we need to bring modern research methods to bear on understanding the characteristics of different limestones, what mortars to use, and how key limestones have responded to polluted atmospheres. This volume brings together recent inter-disciplinary research on these issues, illustrating the diversity of innovative techniques that are now being applied to furthering our understanding of building limestones.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: vi, 257 S.
    ISBN: 9781862392946
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 331
    Classification:
    Engineering
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Keywords: Abtragung ; Geologie ; Hebung (Geologie) ; Landschaftsentwicklung ; Geomorphologie ; Strukturgeologie
    Description / Table of Contents: B. J. Smith, W. B. Whalley, P. A. Warke, and A. Ruffell: Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:vii-x, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.01 --- The British Isles --- David K. C. Jones: Evolving models of the Tertiary evolutionary geomorphology of southern England, with special reference to the Chalklands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:1-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.02 --- David K. C. Jones: On the uplift and denudation of the Weald / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:25-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.03 --- Peter Walsh, Michael Boulter, and Iwona Morawiecka: Chattian and Miocene elements in the modern landscape of western Britain and Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:45-63, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.04 --- Y. Battiau-Queney: Crustal anisotropy and differential uplift: their role in long-term landform development / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:65-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.05 --- Mainland Europe and Scandinavia --- Väino Puura, Rein Vaher, and Igor Tuuling: Pre-Devonian landscape of the Baltic Oil-Shale Basin, NW of the Russian Platform / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:75-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.06 --- Karna Lidmar-Bergström: Uplift histories revealed by landforms of the Scandinavian domes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:85-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.07 --- Piotr Migoń: Inherited landscapes of the Sudetic Foreland (SW Poland) and implications for reconstructing uplift and erosional histories of upland terrains in Central Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:93-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.08 --- Roberto Basili, Fabrizio Galadini, and Paolo Messina: The application of palaeolandsurface analysis to the study of recent tectonics in central Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:109-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.09 --- Carlo Bartolini: An overview of Pliocene to present-day uplift and denudation rates in the Northern Apennine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:119-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.10 --- Africa and the Middle East --- Alastair W. Baird and Andrew J. Russell: Structural and stratigraphic perspectives on the uplift and erosional history of Djebel Cherichira and Oued Grigema, a segment of the Tunisian Atlas thrust front / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:127-142, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.11 --- R. W. H. Butler and S. Spencer: Landscape evolution and the preservation of tectonic landforms along the northern Yammouneh Fault, Lebanon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:143-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.12 --- Mats G. Eriksson: Influence of crustal movements on landforms, erosion and sediment deposition in the Irangi Hills, central Tanzania / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:157-168, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.13 --- Asia --- David N. Petley and Sharon Reid: Uplift and landscape stability at Taroko, eastern Taiwan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:169-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.14 --- P. A. Fothergill and H. Ma: Preliminary observations on the geomorphic evolution of the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province, China: implications for the uplift of the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:183-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.15 --- Lewis A. Owen, W. Dickson Cunningham, Brian F. Windley, J. Badamgarov, and D. Dorjnamjaa: The landscape evolution of Nemegt Uul: a late Cenozoic transpressional uplift in the Gobi Altai, southern Mongolia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:201-218, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.16 --- The Americas --- Catherine T. Conrad and Houston C. Saunderson: Temporal and spatial variation in suspended sediment yields from eastern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:219-228, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.17 --- Carlos H. Costa, Aldo D. Giaccardi, and Emilio F. González Díaz: Palaeolandsurfaces and neotectonic analysis in the southern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:229-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.18 --- Mauro Coltorti and Cliff D. Ollier: The significance of high planation surface in the Andes of Ecuador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:239-253, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.19 --- Antarctica --- M. A. Summerfield, D. E. Sugden, G. H. Denton, D. R. Marchant, H. A. P. Cockburn, and F. M. Stuart: Cosmogenic isotope data support previous evidence of extremely low rates of denudation in the Dry Valleys region, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 162:255-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.162.01.20
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 278 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 1862390479
    Language: English
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Niterói ; oxalate contamination ; sewage ; street sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Established research in first world urban environments has shown street sediments to be effective sinks for heavy metals and emphasises the health risks to children by its inhalation or ingestion. In third world countries with fewer pollution controls, contamination may be augmented by additional pollutants such as sewage discharge into urban streets and/or periodic inundation with sewage-laden run-off. This pollutant not only contains heavy metals and organic matter, but calcium oxalates that may derive directly from the sewage itself. To study this premise street sediments were collected from sites of varying industrialisation and sewage contamination within the city of Niteroi, Brazil. Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) was identified by X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infra red and scanning electron microscopy techniques and oxalate concentrations in 〈 63 μm and colloidal (clay and organic matter) fractions, were determined by ion chromatography. Oxalate in colloidal fractions averaged 43601 mg kg−1 in sewage contaminated industrialised urban zones, 4519 mg kg−1 in suburban areas and 17477 mg kg−1 in suburbs with favelas (shantytowns-of Niterói). Oxalate concentrations coincide with high levels of metal ions (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr) that stabilise calcium oxalate dihydrate and prevent its dehydration to the monohydrate (whewellite). Lower levels of oxalate were found in lichen-covered roof sediment, plaster and mortar samples. Oxalate concentration coincides with sewage contamination and street sediments appear to act as a sink for calcium oxalate dihydrate derived from sewage. Previous studies have shown that low levels of exposure can damage kidneys and the nervous system, while prolonged exposure can cause severe corneal, retinal and skin damage, cyanosis and possibly gangrene. Contact with blood serum may result in hypocalcemia, muscular stimulation, convulsions and finally collapse. The conditions described are common throughout urban areas of the developing world and may suggest a particular environmental hazard in these regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2010-03-29
    Description: An argument is presented that, despite popular assumptions, many limestones, especially the wide range of clastic and, in general, granular limestones, do not decay in a steady and predictable pattern in response to slow dissolution. Instead these stones, especially when used in construction in polluted environments, invariably decay episodically through physical breakdown. Most commonly this is accomplished through a variety of salt weathering mechanisms that, if unconstrained, can lead to the rapid, catastrophic decay of building blocks and their complete loss - a process that has driven the extensive programmes of stone replacement that are typical of buildings constructed of these stones. In polluted environments, especially those rich in sulphur and particulates, the most common constraint on accelerated decay has been the rapid development of gypsum crusts that, for example, could rapidly heal' the scars left by contour scaling. It is ironic, therefore, that any reduction in pollution could conceivably lead to increased erosion by retarding this healing process. Because of this temporal variability of decay and its translation into spatial complexity, it is important that further research is undertaken to understand controls on the decay of these important building stones so that future conservation strategies can be appropriately informed.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-04-01
    Description: Stone decay is the result of the interaction of stone with its environment. It is therefore important to understand why certain materials, sometimes not the most suitable, were used to shape the built heritage of specific areas. The historical evolution of these areas conditioned many of the combinations of materials we see today, which in some cases can interact to accelerate decay. These combinations were driven by availability during construction, architectural fashion or the simultaneous utilization of materials that are aesthetically similar but differ significantly in their physical and chemical properties. A microcosm of the complex decisions that determine stone selection and subsequent interactions is provided by the City of Oxford, which is an excellent example of how such historic evolution can work with material characteristics to accelerate decay.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2010-04-01
    Description: Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it has experienced. A consideration of the combined impact of background environmental factors (such as salt accumulation, temperature cycles, frost, chemical alteration, soiling of the surface, changes in surface morphology and biological colonization) and exceptional' factors (such as lime rendering, fire, climate change, abandonment and conservation intervention) is used to formulate alternative decay pathways of the sandstones identified at the Friary. Discussion focuses on the value of identifying conceptual event sequences such as the cumulative impact of past events, individual and combined, to produce recognizable decay features seen in the present day. The possible impact of future climate change on the decay of medieval sandstone monuments is discussed.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-10-18
    Description: We examine five Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) observed during the recent solar minimum by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft at 1 AU. We apply a familiar series of spectral examinations and compare quantities such as the variance anisotropy, spectral index, cross- and magnetic helicities, and the infered geometry of the wave vectors against established correlations seen in 1 AU turbulence apart from CIR regions. We find variance anisotropies that scale with plasma beta and spectral amplitude, spectral indices in the same familiar ranges, indices within the dissipation range scaling with the apparent rate of energy cascade within the inertial range, and the same linear relationship between cross- and magnetic helicities. As the results agree with earlier established correlations, we conclude that the rate of energy injection by large-scale shear is sufficiently slow as to allow for significant reorganization of the injected energy by the turbulent cascade. This does not mean that there is no evidence of newly injected energy as a result of that large-scale shear. Our companion paper argues that there is significant energy injection within the CIRs. This analysis only argues that energy injection is too slow to fully dominate the interplanetary spectrum.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-12-13
    Description: Interplanetary shocks propagating into the magnetosphere can have significant space weather consequences. However, for many purposes it is the ejecta behind the shock that is the greater threat. The ejecta can be fast moving, impart significant momentum upon the magnetopause, and may contain a flux rope with strong southward magnetic fields. When transient solar wind activity strikes the magnetosphere, it can lead to enhanced magnetospheric currents and elevated radiation levels in the near-Earth environment. It is therefore desirable to use the observed shocks ahead of ejecta to predict any aspects of the approaching ejecta that can be predicted. We have examined 39 shocks observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft in the years 1998 to 2003. Within the selection are shocks that were chosen because they appear to propagate significantly more slowly than the speed of the ejecta behind it. While appearing at first to be a contradiction, we show that the shocks are propagating across the radial direction and at significant angles to the velocity of the ejecta. These slow-moving shocks are actually precursors of fast-moving and potentially significant ejecta. Reversing the analysis, we are able to predict the peak speed of the ejecta well in advance of their observation, up to or in excess of 10 h following the shock crossing, when slow-moving shocks are seen, and we have incorporated this feature into our real-time shock analysis.
    Print ISSN: 1539-4964
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-7390
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-01-04
    Description: [1]  Interplanetary shocks propagating into the magnetosphere can have significant space weather consequences. However, for many purposes it is the ejecta behind the shock that is the greater threat. The ejecta can be fast moving, impart significant momentum upon the magnetopause, and may contain a flux rope with strong southward magnetic fields. When transient solar wind activity strikes the magnetosphere, it can lead to enhanced magnetospheric currents and elevated radiation levels in the near-Earth environment. It is therefore desirable to use the observed shocks ahead of ejecta to predict any aspects of the approaching ejecta that can be predicted. We have examined 39 shocks observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft in the years 1998 to 2003. Within the selection are shocks that were chosen because they appear to propagate significantly more slowly than the speed of the ejecta behind it. While appearing at first to be a contradiction, we show that the shocks are propagating across the radial direction and at significant angles to the velocity of the ejecta. These slow-moving shocks are actually precursors of fast-moving and potentially significant ejecta. Reversing the analysis, we are able to predict the peak speed of the ejecta well in advance of their observation, up to or in excess of 10 h following the shock crossing, when slow-moving shocks are seen, and we have incorporated this feature into our real-time shock analysis.
    Print ISSN: 1539-4964
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-7390
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2010-10-20
    Print ISSN: 1867-2477
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-2485
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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