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  • 1
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    From Source to Seep: Geochemical Applications in Hydrocarbon Systems (2018)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: geochemical techniques ; isotopic techniques ; hydrocarbon systems
    Description / Table of Contents: Geochemical applications in petroleum systems analysis: new constraints and the power of integration / M. Lawson, M. J. Formolo, L. Summa and J. M. Eiler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 1-21, 19 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.6 --- Source-rock identification and the temperature/timing of hydrocarbon generation --- The utility of methane clumped isotopes to constrain the origins of methane in natural gas accumulations / Daniel A. Stolper, Michael Lawson, Michael J. Formolo, Cara L. Davis, Peter M. J. Douglas and John M. Eiler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 23-52, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.3 --- The isotopic structures of geological organic compounds / John M. Eiler, Matthieu Clog, Michael Lawson, Max Lloyd, Alison Piasecki, Camilo Ponton and Hao Xie / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 53-81, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.4 --- Vanadium isotope composition of crude oil: effects of source, maturation and biodegradation / Yongjun Gao, John F. Casey, Luis M. Bernardo, Weihang Yang and K. K. (Adry) Bissada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 83-103, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.2 --- Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes as a tool in petroleum exploration / Nikolai Pedentchouk and Courtney Turich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 105-125, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.1 --- Mechanisms and time-scales associated with hydrocarbon migration, trapping, storage and alteration --- Noble gases in conventional and unconventional petroleum systems / David J. Byrne, P. H. Barry, M. Lawson and C. J. Ballentine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 127-149, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.5 --- Differentiating between biogenic and thermogenic sources of natural gas in coalbed methane reservoirs from the Illinois Basin using noble gas and hydrocarbon geochemistry / Myles T. Moore, David S. Vinson, Colin J. Whyte, William K. Eymold, Talor B. Walsh and Thomas H. Darrah / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 151-188, 18 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.8 --- The impact of fluid flow on reservoir properties --- Testing clumped isotopes as a reservoir characterization tool: a comparison with fluid inclusions in a dolomitized sedimentary carbonate reservoir buried to 2–4 km / John M. MacDonald, Cédric M. John and Jean-Pierre Girard / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 189-202, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.7
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 Seiten) , Diagramme
    ISBN: 9781786203687
    URL: https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/468/1
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations during the Palaeozoic era (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 449 (2007), S. 198-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations seem to have been several times modern levels during much of the Palaeozoic era (543–248 million years ago), but decreased during the Carboniferous period to concentrations similar to that of today. Given that carbon dioxide is a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06085
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen-isotope evidence for recycled crust in the sources of mid-ocean-ridge basalts (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 403 (2000), S. 530-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) are the most abundant terrestrial magmas and are believed to form by partial melting of a globally extensive reservoir of ultramafic rocks in the upper mantle. MORBs vary in their abundances of incompatible elements (that is, those that partition into silicate ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35000553
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H 2 (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 424 (2003), S. 918-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Molecular hydrogen (H2) is the second most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere after methane (CH4). In the troposphere, the D/H ratio of H2 is enriched by 120‰ relative to the world's oceans. This cannot be explained by the sources of H2 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01917
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen isotope evidence for slab-derived fluids in the sub-arc mantle (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 393 (1998), S. 777-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The subduction of oceanic lithosphere is thought to enrich the mantle in elements concentrated in altered oceanic crust and its sedimentary cover (for example, H2O, CO2 and alkalis),. This enrichment is generally inferred from the geochemistry of island-arc lavas. More ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/31679
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen isotope evidence against bulk recycled sediment in the mantle sources of Pitcairn Island lavas (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 377 (1995), S. 138-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Pitcairn Island basalts were collected on the 1987 Helios expedition of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Our samples are all basalts with MgO 〉 4 wt%. Although they were mostly collected as cobbles, they can be confidently associated with the Tedside formation of shield-building Pitcairn ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377138a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercrystalline stable isotope diffusion: a fast grain boundary model (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 112 (1992), S. 543-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We formulated a numerical model for stable isotope interdiffusion which predicts the temperatures recorded between two or more minerals, and the intragranular distribution of stable isotopes in each mineral, as functions of mineral grain sizes and shapes, diffusivities, modes, equilibrium isotopic fractionations, and the cooling rate of a rock. One of the principal assumptions of the model is that grain boundaries are regions of rapid transport of stable isotopes. This Fast Grain Boundary (FGB) model describes interdiffusion between any number of mineral grains, assuming that local equilibrium and mass balance restrictions apply on the grain boundaries throughout the volume modeled. The model can be used for a rock containing any number of minerals, and number of grain sizes of each mineral, several grain shapes, and any thermal history or domain size desired. Previous models describing stable isotope interdiffusion upon cooling have been based on Dodson's equation or an equivalent numerical analogue. The closure temperature of Dodson is the average, bulk temperature recorded between a mineral and an infinite reservoir. By using Dodson's equation, these models have treated the closure temperature as an innate characteristic of a given mineral, independent of the amounts and diffusion rates of other minerals. Such models do not accurately describe the mass balance of many stable isotope interdiffusion problems. Existing models for cation interdiffusion could be applied to stable isotopes with some modifications, but only describe exchange between two minerals under specific conditions. The results of FGB calculations differ considerably from the predictions of Dodson's equation in many rock types of interest. Actual calculations using the FGB model indicate that closure temperature and diffusion profiles are as strongly functions of modal abundance and relative differences in diffusion coefficient as they are functions of grain size and cooling rate. Closure temperatures recorded between two minerals which exchanged stable isotopes by diffusion are a function of modal abundance and differences in diffusion coefficient, and may differ from that predicted by Dodson's equation by hundreds of degrees C. Either or both of two minerals may preserve detectable zonation, which may in some instances be larger in the faster diffusing mineral. Rocks containing three or more minerals can record a large span of fractionations resulting from closed system processes alone. The results of FGB diffusion modeling indicate that the effects of diffusive exchange must be evaluated before interpreting mineral fractionations, concordant or discordant, recorded within any rock in which diffusion could have acted over observable scales. The predictions of this model are applicable to thermometry, evaluation of open or closed system retrogression, and determination of cooling rates or diffusion coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310783
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timescales and mechanisms of fluid infiltration in a marble: an ion microprobe study (1998)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 132 (1998), S. 371-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using a recently developed ion microprobe technique, a detailed oxygen isotope map of calcite grains in a coarse-grained marble has been constructed, supported by trace element (Mn, Sr, Fe) analysis and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, in order to constrain scales of oxygen isotope equilibrium, timescales and mechanisms of metamorphic fluid infiltration, and fluid sources and pathways. Results are compared with a previous study of this sample (Wada 1988) carried out using a cryo-microtome technique and conventional oxygen isotope analysis. The marble, from the high temperature/low pressure Hida metamorphic belt in north-central Japan, underwent granulite facies followed by amphibolite facies metamorphic events, the latter associated with regional granite intrusion. The CL imaging indicates two types of calcite, a yellow luminescing (YLC) and a purple luminescing (PLC) variety. The YLC, which occupies grain boundaries, fractures, replacement patches, and most of the abundant deformation twin lamellae, post-dates the dominant PLC calcite and maps out fluid pathways. Systematic relationships were established between oxygen isotope and trace element composition, calcite type and texture, based on 74 18O/16O and 17 trace element analyses with 20–30 μ m spatial resolution. The YLC is enriched in Mn and Fe, and depleted in 18O and Sr compared to PLC, and is much more 18O depleted than is indicated from conventional analyses. Results are interpreted to indicate infiltration of 18O-depleted (metamorphic or magmatic) fluid (initial δ18O = 9‰–10.5‰) along grain boundaries, fractures and deformation twin lamellae, depleting calcite grains in Sr and enriching them in Mn and Fe. The sample is characterised by gross isotopic and elemental disequilibrium, with important implications for the application of chromatographic theory to constrain fluid fluxes in metacarbonate rocks. Areas of PLC unaffected by “short-circuiting” fluid pathways contain oxygen diffusion profiles of ∼10‰/∼200 μm in grain boundary regions or adjacent to fractures/patches. When correction is made for estimated grain boundary/fracture and profile orientation in 3D, profiles are indistinguishable within error. Modelling of these profiles gives consistent estimates of Dt (where D is the diffusion coefficient and t is time) of ∼0.8 × 10−8 m2, from which, using experimental data for oxygen diffusion in calcite, timescales of fluid transport along grain boundaries at amphibolite facies temperatures of ∼103 to ∼104 years are obtained. These short timescales, which are much shorter than plausible durations of metamorphism, imply that rock permeabilities may be transiently much higher during fluid flow than those calculated from time integrated fluid fluxes or predicted from laboratory measurements. The preservation of 18O/16O profiles requires either rapid cooling rates (∼100–600 °C/million years), or, more plausibly, loss of grain boundary fluid such that a dry cooling history followed the transient passage of fluid. The δ18O/trace element correlations are also consistent with volume diffusion-controlled transport in the PLC. Fluid transport and element exchange occurred by two inter-related mechanisms on short timescales and on different lengthscales – long-distance flow along cracks, grain boundaries and twin lamellae coupled to ∼200 μm-scale volume diffusion of oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050430
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  • 9
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    Sulfur isotopes of organic matter preserved in 3.45-billion-year-old stromatolites reveal microbial metabolism (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-04
    Description: The 3.45-billion-year-old Strelley Pool Formation of Western Australia preserves stromatolites that are considered among the oldest evidence for life on Earth. In places of exceptional preservation, these stromatolites contain laminae rich in organic carbon, interpreted as the fossil remains of ancient microbial mats. To better understand the biogeochemistry of these rocks, we performed microscale in situ sulfur isotope measurements of the preserved organic sulfur, including both Δ33S and . This approach allows us to tie physiological inference from isotope ratios directly to fossil biomass, providing a means to understand sulfur metabolism that is complimentary to, and independent from, inorganic proxies (e.g., pyrite). Δ33S values of the kerogen reveal mass-anomalous fractionations expected of the Archean sulfur cycle, whereas values show large fractionations at very small spatial scales, including values below -15‰. We interpret these isotopic patterns as recording the process of sulfurization of organic matter by H2S in heterogeneous mat pore-waters influenced by respiratory S metabolism. Positive Δ33S anomalies suggest that disproportionation of elemental sulfur would have been a prominent microbial process in these communities.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Oxygen isotope composition of the Phanerozoic ocean and a possible solution to the dolomite problem (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The18O/16O of calcite fossils increased by ∼8‰ between the Cambrian and present. It has long been controversial whether this change reflects evolution in the δ18O of seawater, or a decrease in ocean temperatures, or greater extents of diagenesis of older strata. Here, we present measurements of the oxygen and ‟clumped” isotope compositions of Phanerozoic dolomites and compare these data with published oxygen isotope studies of carbonate rocks. We show that the δ18O values of dolomites and calcite fossils of similar age overlap one another, suggesting they are controlled by similar processes. Clumped isotope measurements of Cambrian to Pleistocene dolomites imply crystallization temperatures of 15–158 °C and parent waters having δ18OVSMOWvalues from −2 to +12‰. These data are consistent with dolomitization through sediment/rock reaction with seawater and diagenetically modified seawater, over timescales of 100 My, and suggest that, like dolomite, temporal variations of the calcite fossil δ18O record are largely driven by diagenetic alteration. We find no evidence that Phanerozoic seawater was significantly lower in δ18O than preglacial Cenozoic seawater. Thus, the fluxes of oxygen–isotope exchange associated with weathering and hydrothermal alteration reactions have remained stable throughout the Phanerozoic, despite major tectonic, climatic and biologic perturbations. This stability implies that a long-term feedback exists between the global rates of seafloor spreading and weathering. We note that massive dolomites have crystallized in pre-Cenozoic units at temperatures 〉40 °C. Since Cenozoic platforms generally have not reached such conditions, their thermal immaturity could explain their paucity of dolomites.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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