ALBERT

Description: The origins of the First Americans remain contentious. Although Native Americans seem to be genetically most closely related to east Asians, there is no consensus with regard to which specific Old World populations they are closest to. Here we sequence the draft genome of an approximately 24,000-year-old individual (MA-1), from Mal'ta in south-central Siberia, to an average depth of 1x. To our knowledge this is the oldest anatomically modern human genome reported to date. The MA-1 mitochondrial genome belongs to haplogroup U, which has also been found at high frequency among Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers, and the Y chromosome of MA-1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and near the root of most Native American lineages. Similarly, we find autosomal evidence that MA-1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and genetically closely related to modern-day Native Americans, with no close affinity to east Asians. This suggests that populations related to contemporary western Eurasians had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought. Furthermore, we estimate that 14 to 38% of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population. This is likely to have occurred after the divergence of Native American ancestors from east Asian ancestors, but before the diversification of Native American populations in the New World. Gene flow from the MA-1 lineage into Native American ancestors could explain why several crania from the First Americans have been reported as bearing morphological characteristics that do not resemble those of east Asians. Sequencing of another south-central Siberian, Afontova Gora-2 dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures as MA-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. Our findings reveal that western Eurasian genetic signatures in modern-day Native Americans derive not only from post-Columbian admixture, as commonly thought, but also from a mixed ancestry of the First Americans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4105016/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4105016/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghavan, Maanasa -- Skoglund, Pontus -- Graf, Kelly E -- Metspalu, Mait -- Albrechtsen, Anders -- Moltke, Ida -- Rasmussen, Simon -- Stafford, Thomas W Jr -- Orlando, Ludovic -- Metspalu, Ene -- Karmin, Monika -- Tambets, Kristiina -- Rootsi, Siiri -- Magi, Reedik -- Campos, Paula F -- Balanovska, Elena -- Balanovsky, Oleg -- Khusnutdinova, Elza -- Litvinov, Sergey -- Osipova, Ludmila P -- Fedorova, Sardana A -- Voevoda, Mikhail I -- DeGiorgio, Michael -- Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas -- Brunak, Soren -- Demeshchenko, Svetlana -- Kivisild, Toomas -- Villems, Richard -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Jakobsson, Mattias -- Willerslev, Eske -- R01 HG003229/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 2;505(7481):87-91. doi: 10.1038/nature12736. Epub 2013 Nov 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark [2]. ; 1] Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden [2]. ; Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, TAMU-4352, College Station, Texas 77845-4352, USA. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3] Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark. ; 1] The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark [2] Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark. ; 1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] AMS 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia [2] Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moskvorechie Street 1, Moscow 115479, Russia. ; 1] Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moskvorechie Street 1, Moscow 115479, Russia [2] Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Street 3, Moscow 119991, Russia. ; 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Bashkorostan 450054, Russia [2] Biology Department, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkorostan 450074, Russia. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia [2] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Bashkorostan 450054, Russia. ; The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Sakha (Yakutia) 677010, Russia. ; 1] The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia [2] Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Borisa Bogatkova 175/1, Novosibirsk 630089, Russia. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; 1] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark [2] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark. ; The State Hermitage Museum, 2, Dvortsovaya Ploshchad, St. Petersberg 190000, Russia. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia [2] Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia [2] Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia [3] Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn 10130, Estonia. ; 1] Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden [2] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We sequenced the genomes of a approximately 7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight approximately 8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had approximately 44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lazaridis, Iosif -- Patterson, Nick -- Mittnik, Alissa -- Renaud, Gabriel -- Mallick, Swapan -- Kirsanow, Karola -- Sudmant, Peter H -- Schraiber, Joshua G -- Castellano, Sergi -- Lipson, Mark -- Berger, Bonnie -- Economou, Christos -- Bollongino, Ruth -- Fu, Qiaomei -- Bos, Kirsten I -- Nordenfelt, Susanne -- Li, Heng -- de Filippo, Cesare -- Prufer, Kay -- Sawyer, Susanna -- Posth, Cosimo -- Haak, Wolfgang -- Hallgren, Fredrik -- Fornander, Elin -- Rohland, Nadin -- Delsate, Dominique -- Francken, Michael -- Guinet, Jean-Michel -- Wahl, Joachim -- Ayodo, George -- Babiker, Hamza A -- Bailliet, Graciela -- Balanovska, Elena -- Balanovsky, Oleg -- Barrantes, Ramiro -- Bedoya, Gabriel -- Ben-Ami, Haim -- Bene, Judit -- Berrada, Fouad -- Bravi, Claudio M -- Brisighelli, Francesca -- Busby, George B J -- Cali, Francesco -- Churnosov, Mikhail -- Cole, David E C -- Corach, Daniel -- Damba, Larissa -- van Driem, George -- Dryomov, Stanislav -- Dugoujon, Jean-Michel -- Fedorova, Sardana A -- Gallego Romero, Irene -- Gubina, Marina -- Hammer, Michael -- Henn, Brenna M -- Hervig, Tor -- Hodoglugil, Ugur -- Jha, Aashish R -- Karachanak-Yankova, Sena -- Khusainova, Rita -- Khusnutdinova, Elza -- Kittles, Rick -- Kivisild, Toomas -- Klitz, William -- Kucinskas, Vaidutis -- Kushniarevich, Alena -- Laredj, Leila -- Litvinov, Sergey -- Loukidis, Theologos -- Mahley, Robert W -- Melegh, Bela -- Metspalu, Ene -- Molina, Julio -- Mountain, Joanna -- Nakkalajarvi, Klemetti -- Nesheva, Desislava -- Nyambo, Thomas -- Osipova, Ludmila -- Parik, Juri -- Platonov, Fedor -- Posukh, Olga -- Romano, Valentino -- Rothhammer, Francisco -- Rudan, Igor -- Ruizbakiev, Ruslan -- Sahakyan, Hovhannes -- Sajantila, Antti -- Salas, Antonio -- Starikovskaya, Elena B -- Tarekegn, Ayele -- Toncheva, Draga -- Turdikulova, Shahlo -- Uktveryte, Ingrida -- Utevska, Olga -- Vasquez, Rene -- Villena, Mercedes -- Voevoda, Mikhail -- Winkler, Cheryl A -- Yepiskoposyan, Levon -- Zalloua, Pierre -- Zemunik, Tatijana -- Cooper, Alan -- Capelli, Cristian -- Thomas, Mark G -- Ruiz-Linares, Andres -- Tishkoff, Sarah A -- Singh, Lalji -- Thangaraj, Kumarasamy -- Villems, Richard -- Comas, David -- Sukernik, Rem -- Metspalu, Mait -- Meyer, Matthias -- Eichler, Evan E -- Burger, Joachim -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Paabo, Svante -- Kelso, Janet -- Reich, David -- Krause, Johannes -- 8DP1ES022577-04/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG002385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG004120/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN26120080001E/PHS HHS/ -- P01 HG004120/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):409-13. doi: 10.1038/nature13673.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, Tubingen 72074, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany. ; Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA. ; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany. [3] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100049, China. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA and Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Vasteras 722 12, Sweden. ; 1] National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg. [2] National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg. ; Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tubingen, Tubingen D-72070, Germany. ; National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg. ; State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Wurttemberg, Osteology, Konstanz D-78467, Germany. ; Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu 40100, Kenya. ; 1] Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. [2] Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat 123, Oman. ; Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET &CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina. ; Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia. ; 1] Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia. [2] Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia. ; Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica. ; Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. ; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel. ; Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs H-7624, Hungary. ; Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane 53000, Morocco. ; Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy. ; 1] Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina 94018, Italy. ; Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada. ; Servicio de Huellas Digitales Geneticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina. ; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland. ; Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Anthropologie Moleculaire et Imagerie de Synthese, CNRS UMR 5288, Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31000, France. ; North-Eastern Federal University and Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk 677013, Russia. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA. ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway. ; NextBio, Illumina, Santa Clara, California 95050, USA. ; Department of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. ; 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia. ; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA. ; Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA. ; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. ; Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France. ; 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia. [3] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. [2] Amgen, 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece (T.L.); Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India (L.S.). ; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala. ; Research Department, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. ; Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland. ; Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania. ; Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677000, Russia. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universita di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy. ; 1] Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 1000000, Chile. [2] Programa de Genetica Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile. [3] Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica 1000000, Chile. ; Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK. ; 1] Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent 70000, Uzbekistan. [2]. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia. ; 1] Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland. [2] Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA. ; Unidade de Xenetica, Departamento de Anatomia Patoloxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenomica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia 15872, Spain. ; Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK. ; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan. ; Department of Genetics and Cytology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine. ; 1] Instituto Boliviano de Biologia de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, 591 2 La Paz, Bolivia. [2] UniversidadAutonoma Tomas Frias, Potosi, Bolivia. ; 1] Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. [2] Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk 630089, Russia. [3] Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia. ; 1] Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut 13-5053, Lebanon. [2] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India. [2] Amgen, 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece (T.L.); Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India (L.S.). ; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. [3] Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn 10130, Estonia. ; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain. ; 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, Tubingen 72074, Germany. [2] Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tubingen, 72070 Tubingen, Germany. [3] Max Planck Institut fur Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena 07745, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericues and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4733658/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4733658/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghavan, Maanasa -- Steinrucken, Matthias -- Harris, Kelley -- Schiffels, Stephan -- Rasmussen, Simon -- DeGiorgio, Michael -- Albrechtsen, Anders -- Valdiosera, Cristina -- Avila-Arcos, Maria C -- Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo -- Eriksson, Anders -- Moltke, Ida -- Metspalu, Mait -- Homburger, Julian R -- Wall, Jeff -- Cornejo, Omar E -- Moreno-Mayar, J Victor -- Korneliussen, Thorfinn S -- Pierre, Tracey -- Rasmussen, Morten -- Campos, Paula F -- Damgaard, Peter de Barros -- Allentoft, Morten E -- Lindo, John -- Metspalu, Ene -- Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo -- Mansilla, Josefina -- Henrickson, Celeste -- Seguin-Orlando, Andaine -- Malmstrom, Helena -- Stafford, Thomas Jr -- Shringarpure, Suyash S -- Moreno-Estrada, Andres -- Karmin, Monika -- Tambets, Kristiina -- Bergstrom, Anders -- Xue, Yali -- Warmuth, Vera -- Friend, Andrew D -- Singarayer, Joy -- Valdes, Paul -- Balloux, Francois -- Leboreiro, Ilan -- Vera, Jose Luis -- Rangel-Villalobos, Hector -- Pettener, Davide -- Luiselli, Donata -- Davis, Loren G -- Heyer, Evelyne -- Zollikofer, Christoph P E -- Ponce de Leon, Marcia S -- Smith, Colin I -- Grimes, Vaughan -- Pike, Kelly-Anne -- Deal, Michael -- Fuller, Benjamin T -- Arriaza, Bernardo -- Standen, Vivien -- Luz, Maria F -- Ricaut, Francois -- Guidon, Niede -- Osipova, Ludmila -- Voevoda, Mikhail I -- Posukh, Olga L -- Balanovsky, Oleg -- Lavryashina, Maria -- Bogunov, Yuri -- Khusnutdinova, Elza -- Gubina, Marina -- Balanovska, Elena -- Fedorova, Sardana -- Litvinov, Sergey -- Malyarchuk, Boris -- Derenko, Miroslava -- Mosher, M J -- Archer, David -- Cybulski, Jerome -- Petzelt, Barbara -- Mitchell, Joycelynn -- Worl, Rosita -- Norman, Paul J -- Parham, Peter -- Kemp, Brian M -- Kivisild, Toomas -- Tyler-Smith, Chris -- Sandhu, Manjinder S -- Crawford, Michael -- Villems, Richard -- Smith, David Glenn -- Waters, Michael R -- Goebel, Ted -- Johnson, John R -- Malhi, Ripan S -- Jakobsson, Mattias -- Meltzer, David J -- Manica, Andrea -- Durbin, Richard -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Song, Yun S -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Willerslev, Eske -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 261213/European Research Council/International -- 2R01HG003229-09/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- BB/H005854/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01-AI17892/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM094402/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):aab3884. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3884. Epub 2015 Jul 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. ; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK. ; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 208, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. ; Departments of Biology and Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, 502 Wartik Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Room L331, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Integrative Systems Biology Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Room L331, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. ; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Post Office Box 644236, Heald 429, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Centro Mixto, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolucion y Comportamiento Humano, Madrid, Spain. ; Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Moneda 13, Centro, Cuauhtemoc, 06060 Mexico City, Mexico. ; University of Utah, Department of Anthropology, 270 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Acceleration Mass Spectrometry 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark. ; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Room L331, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Evolutionsbiologiskt Centrum, Norbyvagen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK. ; Centre for Past Climate Change and Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Post Office Box 243, Reading, UK. ; School of Geographical Sciences, University Road, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. ; Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Escuela Nacional de AntropologIa e Historia, Periferico Sur y Zapote s/n Colonia Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, Isidro Fabela, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico. ; Instituto de Investigacion en Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlan, Mexico. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), Universita di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. ; Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, 238 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Universite Paris 7 Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Sorbonne Universites, Unite Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (UMR7206), Paris, France. ; Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia. ; Department of Archaeology, Memorial University, Queen's College, 210 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany. ; Department of Archaeology, Memorial University, Queen's College, 210 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada. ; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, B321 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. ; Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, 18 de Septiembre 2222, Carsilla 6-D Arica, Chile. ; Departamento de Antropologia, Universidad de Tarapaca, 18 de Septiembre 2222, Carsilla 6-D Arica, Chile. ; Fundacao Museu do Homem Americano, Centro Cultural Sergio Motta, Campestre, 64770-000 Sao Raimundo Nonato, Brazil. ; Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moleculaire et Imagerie de Synthese UMR-5288, CNRS, Universite de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France. ; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. ; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, 175/1 ul. B. Bogatkova, Novosibirsk 630089, Russia. Novosibirsk State University, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. ; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Gubkina 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia. Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie 1, 115478 Moscow, Russia. ; Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya 3, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia. ; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Gubkina 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia. ; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia. Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Zaki Validi 32, 450076 Ufa, Russia. ; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. ; Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie 1, 115478 Moscow, Russia. ; Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Scientific Centre of Complex Medical Problems, Sergelyahskoe Shosse 4, 677010 Yakutsk, Russia. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia. ; Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street 18, Magadan 685000, Russia. ; Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, Northwest Community College, 353 Fifth Street, Prince Rupert, British Columbia V8J 3L6, Canada. ; Canadian Museum of History, 100 Rue Laurier, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0M8, Canada. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. ; Metlakatla Treaty Office, Post Office Box 224, Prince Rupert, BC V8J 3P6, Canada. ; Sealaska Heritage Institute, 105 S. Seward Street, Juneau, AK 99801, USA. ; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D100 Fairchild Science Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA. ; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Post Office Box 644236, Heald 429, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Henry Wellcome Building, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK. Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Boulevard, 622 Fraser Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. ; Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, 209 Young Hall, Department of Anthropology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ; Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA. Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA. ; Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA. ; Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA. ; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. ; Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ewillierslev@snm.ku.dk rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu yss@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ewillierslev@snm.ku.dk rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu yss@berkeley.edu. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillierslev@snm.ku.dk rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu yss@berkeley.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26198033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉