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  • 1
    Call number: AWI A7-94-0327 ; MOP Per 8(7)
    In: Annalen der Meteorologie, Nr. 7
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 346 S.
    ISSN: 0072-4122
    Series Statement: Annalen der Meteorologie 7
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Preface. - Foreword. - Chapter 1 The Planetary Boundary-Layer: Definitions and Equations. - Chapter 2 Some Problems in Modelling the Planetary Boundary-Layer. - The Problem of Closing the System of the PBL-Equations. - Models Based on a Hypothesis for the Profile of the Eddy Viscosity. - Models Based on a Hypothesis for the Mixing-Length. - A Mixing-Length Hypothesis for the Planetary Boundary-Layer Flow in the Atmosphere - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 44, 215-226, 1971. - Note on the Upper Boundary Conditions. - A Note on a Method for Solving the Planetary Boundary-Layer Equations - Beitr. Phys. Atm. 44, 293-296, 1971. Chapter 3 The Structure of the Planetary Boundary-Layer. - The Eddy Viscosity in a Barotropic Planetary Boundary-Layer as Related to the Turbulent KineticEnergy - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 44,127-136, 1971. - Rossby-Number Similarity in the Planetary Boundary-Layer. - A Note on the Rossby Similarity for Flows of Barotropic Planetary Boundary-Layers (with D. YORDANOV) - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 66-71, 1972. - Universal Profiles in the Barotropic Planetary Boundary-Layer - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 148-163, 1972. - Note on the Energy Budget in the PBL. - Layers with a Reduced Eddy Viscosity Caused by the Baroclinicity (with D. YORDANOV) - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 267-275, 1972. - The Wind Profile Very Close to the Ground - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 46, 57-63, 1973. - Numerical Study on the Effects Controlling the Low-Level Jet - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 46, 137-154, 1973. - Chapter 4 The Parameterization of PBL - Effects with the Aid of the Resistance Law. - The Resistance Law for the Planetary Boundary Layer. - The Two Constants in the Resistance Law for a Neutral Barotropic Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 43, 133-140, 1970. - Note on a Paper by F. Wippermann "The Two Constants in the Resistance Law for a Neutral Barotropic Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere" by R. J. TAYLOR - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 44, 69, 1971. - Reply by F. Wippermann. - Empirical Formulae for the Universal Functions Mm (μ) and N (μ) in the Resistance Law for a Barotropic and Diabatic Planetary Boundary Layer - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 305-311, 1972. - The Parameterization of the Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Heat and Moisture at the Ground in a Baroclinic Planetary Boundary Layer (with D. YORDANOV) - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 58-65, 1972. - Baroclinic Effects on the Resistance Law for the Planetary Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 244-259, 1972. - A Note on the Parameterization of the Large-Scale Wind stress at the Sea Surface - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 45, 260-266, 1972. - Problems which still have to be solved before the resistance laws can be applied. - Chapter 5 Non-Stationary and/or Horizontally Non-Homogeneous Boundary-Layers. - The Effects of Non-Stationarity on the Planetary Boundary-Layer (with D.ETLING and H.LEYKAUF) - Beitr. Phys. Atm. 46, 34-56, 1973. - Boundary-Layers with a Change in the Roughness - Length and/or in the Temperature: A Bibliographical Survey. - Chapter 6 The Dynamic Instability of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - The Orientation of Vortices Due to Instability of the Ekman Boundary-Layer - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 42, 225-244, 1969. - The Stability of an Ekman Boundary-Layer Flow as Influenced by the Thermal Stratification (in Germ.) by D.ETLING - Beitr. Phys. Atm., 44, 168-186, 1971. - Chapter 7 The Dispersion of Windborne Material in the Planetary Boundary-Layer. - A Perspective for a Routine Prediction of Concentration Patterns (with D. YORDANOV) - Atm. Environm., 6, 877-888, 1972. - Time-Dependent Concentrations of Dispersed Material Compared with those of the Corresponding Stationary Cases (in Germ.) - Meteor. Rdsch., 26, 11-18, 1973. - Meteorological Parameters Relevant in a Statistical Analysis of Air Quality Data. - List of Symbols. - Author Index.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 16 (1967), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Numerical integrations of the threedimensional Fickean diffusion equation with height dependent diffusion coefficients and wind velocity are performed in the stationary case with a continuous point source. For the three typical cases “strong mixing”, “surface inversion” and “inversion above the source” characterized by the diffusion coefficients and wind velocity, the effects of source height, sinking velocity and deposition velocity are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Les auteurs ont procédé à l'intégration numérique de l'équation à trois dimensions de la diffusion, équation établie par Fick. Ils ont, pour cela, utilisé des coefficients de diffusion variant avec l'altitude et la vitesse du vent et distingué l'état stationnaire et le cas d'une source d'émission ponctuelle et continue. Ils étudient en outre les influences de hauteurs différentes de la source, de la rapidité de subsidence et de la vitesse de sédimentation. Ils ont tenu compte pour cela des trois conditions typiques de diffusion “mélange très accentué”, “inversion au sol” et “inversion au-dessus de la source”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden numerische Integrationen der dreidimensionalen Fickschen Diffusionsgleichung mit höhenabhängigen Diffusionskoeffizienten und Windgeschwindigkeit für den stationären Fall und eine kontinuierlich emittierende Punktquelle durchgeführt. Für die drei typischen Ausbreitungsverhältnisse „Starke Durchmischung”, „Bodeninversion” und „Inversion über der Quelle”, charakterisiert durch die Diffusionskoeffizienten und die Windgeschwindigkeit, werden die Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Quellhöhe, Sinkgeschwindigkeit und Ablagerungsgeschwindigkeit studiert.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 112-121 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to explain the position of the great quasi-stationary troughs and ensuing a computation ofCharney andEliassen, the author takes into consideration, apart from the influence of the upheavals of the earth's surface, also the supply and loss of heat. The latter influence proves to be more powerful than the first one, and taking it into consideration the result is in satisfactory agreement with the observed values.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin d'expliquer la situation des grands creux quasistationnaires sont pris en considération, en suivant une méthode deCharney etEliassen, à part l'influence des élévations de la surface terrestre, celle due à l'apport et la perte de chaleur, qui se révèle encore plus efficace que la première. Seulement en en tenant compte le résultat correspond d'une façon satisfaisante aux conditions observées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Erklärung der Lage der großen quasistationären Tröge wird einem Rechnungsgang vonCharney undEliassen folgend, neben dem Einfluß der Erhebung der Erdoberfläche auch noch derjenige der Wärmeaufnahme und-abgabe herangezogen, der sich noch größer als der erstgenannte erweist. Erst nach seiner Berücksichtigung steht das Resultat in befriedigender Übereinstimmung mit den beobachteten Werten.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A integration by steps of the vorticity equation for the barotropic case makes the calculation of the spectral distribution of the kinetic energy at determined moments possible. The question of a quasi-stationary spectral distribution is investigated. Strating from several spectral distributions chosen at will, after about 4 days, the form of a double maximum appears which is observed in the atmosphere. An investigation of the trend of the time variation of energy as mean value about all wave-lengths also leads to the conclusion that the spectral distribution observed in nature correponds to a quasi-stationary one. Oscillations in energy transfer between basic current and perturbations are stated; in middle latitudes, the period was found between 31/2 and 4 days depending, in the first place, on the amount of the earth's rotation. The equilibrium state of horizontal current fields is discussed under consideration of the existence of such oscillations. Advantages and disadvantages of the integration method using the Fourier components are demonstrated.
    Abstract: Résumé Une intégration par étapes de l'équation de vorticité pour le cas barotrope rend possible un calcul de la répartition spectrale de l'énergie cinétique à certains moments. On étudie la question d'une répartition spectrale quasi stationnaire; alors apparaît, pour quelques états initiaux quelconques, au bout de quatre jours environ la forme à double maximum observée dans l'atmosphère. Une recherche de l'évolution dans le temps de la variation moyenne de l'énergie pour toutes les longueurs d'onde semble indiquer que la répartition spectrale observée dans la nature est quasi stationnaire. On constate des oscillations dans le transfert d'énergie entre le courant de base et les perturbations; la période de ces oscillations, sous les latitudes moyennes, est de 31/2 à 4 jours et dépend essentiellement de la valeur de la rotation de la Terre. On considère l'état d'équilibre de champs de courants horinzontaux en tenant compte de l'existence de telles oscillations. On expose enfin les avantages et les inconvénients du procédé d'intégration utilisant les composantes de Fourier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine schrittweise Integration der Vorticitygleichung für den barotropen Fall ermöglicht eine Berechnung der Spektralverteilung der kinetischen Energie zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten. Es wird die Frage einer quasistationären Spektralverteilung untersucht; hierbei stellt sich für einige beliebige Ausgangsspektralverteilungen nach etwa 4 Tagen jewails die in der Atmosphäre beobachtete Form des Doppelmaximums ein. Eine Untersuchung des Trends der über alle Wellenlängen gemittelten zeitlichen Änderung der Energie spricht ebenfalls dafür, daß die in der Natur beobachtete Spektralverteilung einer quasistationären entspricht. Es werden Oszillationen im Energietransfer zwischen Grundstrom und Störungen festgestellt; die Periode dieser Oszillation liegt in mittleren Breiten zwischen 31/2 und 4 Tagen und hängt im wesentlichen von der Größe der Erdumdrehung ab. Der Gleichgewichtszustand horizontaler Strömungsfelder wird unter Berücksichtigugn der Existenz derartiger Oszillationen betrachtet. Vorund Nachteile des die Fourierkomponenten benutzenden Integrations-verrfahrens werden dargelegt.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equation for the total energy in the atmosphere (kinetic energy of the mean flow, kinetic eddy energy, internal and potential energy) is applied to the boundary layer at the earth's surface for the case of stationary conditions and horizontal homogeneity. After integration over the vertical coordinate one gets an equation for the wind profile, according to which the windprofile in the Prandtl layer essentially depends on the vertical eddy flux of turbulent energy and of enthalpy. One gets even a statement on the ratioK m /K h and its height dependence. In the case of vanishing entropy flux one can make statements on the structure of turbulence. The author has tried to make as few presuppositions as possible, and doing this the could show that dispensing with the Boussinesq approximation but supposing horizontal homogeneity limits the validity of the results to the case of forced convection.
    Abstract: Résumé On applique l'équation de l'énergie totale de l'atmosphère (énergie cinétique du courant de base, énergie cinétique de la turbulence, énergie interne et potentielle) dans le cas de conditions stationnaires et d'homogénéité horizontale à la couche limite du sol. Après intégration selon la verticale, elle donne une équation du profil de vent selon laquelle le dit profil dépend en substance, dans la couche dePrandtl, des courants turbulents verticaux tant pour l'énergie turbulente que pour l'enthalpie. On peut également en tirer le rapportK m /K h et sa dépendance de l'altitude. Dans le cas où le courant d'entropie disparaît, on peut déclarer la structure de la turbulence. On a essayé d'utiliser pour ce faire le moins de suppositions possibles. II en découle qu'en renonçant à l'approximation deBoussinesq couplée à l'admission d'une homogénéité horizontale, la validité des résultats se restreint au cas de convection forcée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gleichung für die Gesamtenergie in der Atmosphäre (kinetische Energie des Grundstromes, kinetische Turbulenzenergie, innere und potentielle Energie) wird für den Fall stationärer Verhältnisse und horizontaler Homogenität auf die Bodengrenzschicht angewandt. Nach Integration über die Vertikale liefert sie eine Windprofil-Gleichung, nach welcher in der Prandtl-Schicht das Windprofil im wesentlichen von der turbulenten Vertikalströmen für Turbulenzenergie und für Enthalpie abhängt. Es ist auch eine Aussage über das VerhältnisK m /K h und dessen Höhenabhängigkeit möglich; für den Fall verschwindenden Entropiestromes können Aussagen über die Struktur der Turbulenz gemacht werden. Es wurde versucht, mit möglichst wenig Voraussetzungen auszukommen; dabei zeigt sich, daß der Verzicht auf die Boussinesq-Approximation zusammen mit der Voraussetzung horizontaler Homogenität die Gültigkeit der Ergebnisse auf den Fall erzwungener Konvektion beschränkt.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 40 (1989), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model was used to investigate the behaviour of a cold air gravity current, moving along complex terrain. It is found, that the model with a high horizontal and vertical resolution and with a closure scheme, using the turbulent kinetic energy, is suitable to simulate currents, which have the main features of those found in laboratory experiments. Simulations are presented for different orographic structures (mountain and valley), for varying thermal stratification of the environmental atmosphere (neutral, stable and stable with an elevated inversion) and for different heights of the cold air reservoir. The major effect of a hill on the advance of a gravity current is a reduction of the front speed upstream as well as (even stronger) downstream of the obstacle, where the amount of this decrease depends on thermal stratification. Near surface blocking of the air flow on the windward side occurs for all simulations. However, for small depths of the oncoming cold air, the current cannot surmount the hill and remains on the lee side.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 35 (1986), S. 83-102 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A short outline of the MESOKLIP experiment and the results of its first special observation period (SOP) are given. This experiment was carried out in the Upper-Rhine valley, F.R.G. in September 1979 with the first SOP from 17th 08:00 UTC to 18th 08:00 UTC. After a brief description of the analysis procedure, some observational results are presented. They are mainly concentrated on the channeling in the Upper-Rhine valley, the height of the layer affected increasing during daytime and decreasing at night in more stable conditions. The results of a nonhydrostatic mesoscale simulation model are compared with the measurements. At least qualitative agreement is found.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 36 (1986), S. 319-334 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical experiments are carried out to simulate the development and migration of a barchan dune starting with a conical pile of sand. Such an experiment is done in three steps: (1) computation of the steady-state wind field over and around a barchan using the numerical meso-scale simulation model FITNAH, whereby the horizontal variation of the friction velocity is also calculated; (2) computation of the sand transport using the friction velocity in the transport formula by Lettau and Lettau (1978); (3) computation of the erosion and deposition rates as the divergence of the sand transport, where a special treatment is used for the slip-face of the barchan dune. Adding these rates to the height field leads to a different shape of the dune after a time step δt h . Then this procedure has to be repeated for the next time step δt h . The results are in good agreement with observations: the initial pile of sand develops wings (‘horns’) and a slip-face between them. In addition, flow separation over the lee-side can be simulated. Finally, the tendency to form a barchan in equilibrium is considered.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 9 (1975), S. 341-360 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of longitudinal vortex rolls in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is investigated by means of perturbation analysis. The method is the same as that used by previous authors who have investigated the instability of a laminar Ekman layer. To study the instability of the turbulent boundary layer of the atmosphere, vertical profiles are needed of the eddy viscosity and of the two components of the basic flow. These profiles have been obtained by a numerical PBL-model; they are universal for z≫z 0. (However, the stability equations are not completely universal, i.e., independent of the external parameters). For each thermal stratification, expressed by the internal stratification parameter Μ, one has a set of three consistent profiles. The numerical solution of the stability equations gives the critical values and the perturbation growth rates as functions of thermal stratification Μ and of the surface Rossby number Ro0. This is in contrast to the case of a laminar Ekman layer, where the instability depends on a Reynolds number only, which makes atmospheric applications difficult. The most unstable perturbations are found for Ro0 = 1 × 106 approximately, which is in the range of surface Rossby numbers observed in the atmosphere. However, considering vortex rolls oriented in the direction of the surface stress, the instability is found to be ‘universal’, i.e., independent of the external parameters combined in the surface Rossby number. With respect to thermal stratification, the results show that the instability of the perturbations increases with increasing static stability.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1986-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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