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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Precious-metal mineralization in the southern Apuseni Mountains of western Romania is hosted by mid-Miocene (∼14 Ma) andesitic stocks and lava flows. The mineralized veins are surrounded by aureoles of hydrothermal alteration, consisting of quartz, sericite, K-feldspar, pyrite and calcite. The alteration process caused a total homogenization of initial 87Sr/86Sr in the rocks. Ages determined for the hydrothermal alteration are 13.7–15.7 Ma, indicating that hydrothermal alteration immediately followed igneous activity. Furthermore, a large influx of radiogenic Sr took place during alteration, this Sr probably being derived from the hydrothermal leaching of continental meta-sedimentary rocks in the basement.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Petrographic and geochemical studies of an Upper Eocene reef and associated basinal sediments from the mixed carbonate–siliciclastic fill of the south-eastern Pyrenean foreland basin near Igualada (NE Spain) provide new insights into the evolution of subsurface hydrology during the restriction of a marine basin. The reef deposits are located on delta-lobe sandstones and prodelta marls, which are overlain by hypersaline carbonates and Upper Eocene evaporites. Authigenic celestite (SrSO4) is an important component in the observed diagenetic sequences. Celestite is a significant palaeohydrological indicator because its low solubility constrains transportation of Sr2+ and SO42− in the same diagenetic fluid. Stable isotopic analyses of carbonates in the reef indicate that meteoric recharge was responsible for aragonite stabilization and calcite cementation. Sulphur and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the celestite demonstrates that it formed from residual sulphate after bacterial sulphate reduction, but also requires that there was a prior episode of sulphate recycling. Meteoric water reaching the reef and basinal areas was most probably charged with SO42− from the dissolution of younger Upper Eocene marine evaporites. This sulphate, combined with organic matter present in the sediments, fuelled bacterial sulphate reduction in the meteoric palaeoaquifer. Strontium for celestite precipitation was partly derived in situ from dissolution of aragonite corals in the reef and basinal counterparts. However, 87Sr/86Sr data also suggest that Sr2+ was partly derived from dissolution of overlying evaporites. Mixing of these two fluids promoted celestite formation. The carbonate stable isotopic data suggest that the local meteoric water was enriched in 18O compared with that responsible for stabilization of other reefs along the basin margin. Furthermore, meteoric recharge at Igualada post-dated evaporite deposition in the basin, whereas other parts of the same reef complex were stabilized before evaporite formation. This discrepancy resulted from the spatial distribution of continental siliciclastic units that acted as groundwater conduits.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Kerguelen and Heard Islands are built on the northern half of the older Kerguelen Plateau, above a geoid high which is indicative of upwelling mantle material8. Although there have been proposals that the plateau represents a continental remnant of the breakup of Gondwana9, recent drilling by the ...
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 51 (1994), S. 277-298 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kalk-alkalische Lamprophyrgänge (Minette) im östlichen Teil der südlichen schottischen Uplands sind Teil eines Gangscharensystems, das fast parallel zu der vermuteten lapetus-Suturzone, die sich von der Halbinsel von Ards in Nordirland bis nach St. Abbs Head im Osten erstreckt, verläuft. Die Gänge konzentrieren sich um kleinere Granitoidkörper, scheinen aber jünger zu sein als die Plutone und ihre assoziierten Porphyrit-Porphyry Dikes. Glimmer- (Minette und kersantitische Minette) sowie Hornblende-Lamprophyre kommen westlich von Hawick vor, wo keine intermediären bis sauren Plutone oder Dikes anzutreffen sind. Die Lamprophyre sind an LIL- und LRE-Elementen an- bzw. an HFS-Elementen abgereichert, was typisch für subduktionsbezogene ultrapotassische Magmen ist. Diese Anreicherung an inkompatiblen Elementen ist in Gesteinen mit hohen Gehalten von Mg, Ni und Cr beobachtbar, was in Verbindung mit experimentellen Untersuchungen, der feinkörnigen Natur der Gesteine und dem Auftreten von gefritteten Intrusionskontakten einen nahezu primären Zustand der am wenigsten entwickelten Varietäten impliziert. Hohe LREE-, LILE-, La/Nb-, La/Yb-, ɛSr- und niedrige ɛNd-Werte belegen die Herkunft aus einer ursprünglich metasomatschen Quelle. Die Minetten stammen vermutlich aus einer granat- und phlogopitführenden, die hornblendeführenden Gesteine aus einer seichteren im Stabilitätsbereich von Amphibol liegenden Quelle. Die Minetten lieferten keinen Beitrag zu den 410 Ma Granitoiden, die aus einer stärker verarmten Quelle stammen müssen. Die Ähnlichkeit der schottischen Lamprophyre zu jenen im Lake District südlich der lapetus-Sutur zeigt ein Unterschieben der Lake Distric Lithospäre unter die südlichen Uplands an. Die Platznahme der Lamprophyrgänge ist sehr wahrscheinlich strukturell kontrolliert und die Anwesenheit der Gangsysteme könnte den Verlauf der Iapetus-Sutur in der Tiefe nachzeichnen.
    Notes: Summary Cale-alkaline lamprophyre (minette) dykes in the eastern Southern Uplands of Scotland form part of a swarm nearly parallel to the inferred Iapetus Suture, stretching from the Ards Peninsula of Northern Ireland to St. Abbs Head in the east. The dykes are clustered close to several small granitoid bosses, but appear to be younger than the plutons and their associated porphyrite-porphyry dykes. Mica- (minette and kersantitic-minette) and hornblende-lamprophyres are present further west near Hawick where no intermediate-acid plutons or dykes occur. The lamprophyres have enrichments in LILE and LREE and relative depletions of HFS elements typical of subduction-related ultrapotassic magmas. These incompatible element enrichments are present in rocks with high Mg number and Ni and Cr contents, which combined with experimental constraints, their fine-grained nature and presence of chilled margins, imply a near-primary status for the least evolved varieties. High values of LREE, LILE, La/Nb, La/Yb, s Sr and low ɛ Nd imply derivation from a previously metasomatised source. The minettes were probably derived from a source containing garnet and phlogopite, and the hornblende varieties from a shallower source in the stability field of amphibole. The minettes of the eastern Southern Uplands have not provided a parental component to the 410 Ma. granitoids which were derived from a more depleted source. The similarity of the lamprophyres to those in the Lake District south of the Iapetus Suture is taken to indicate underthrusting of Lake District lithosphere beneath the Southern Uplands. Emplacement of lamprophyre dyke swarms is likely to be structurally controlled, and the presence of the main swarm in the Southern Uplands may indicate the sub-surface trace of the Iapetus Suture.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 86 (1998), S. 767-774 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Northern Chile ; Jurassic magmatic arc ; Mafic granulite Sm ; Nd isotope chemistry and ages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the Sm–Nd systematics of mafic granulite and undeformed layered gabbro, which form a midcrustal section of the Jurassic magmatic belt in the North Chilean Coast Range, south of Antofagasta. Mineral isochrons indicate ages between ca. 171 and 150 Ma for the granulite and an age of ca. 161 Ma for the gabbro. These ages are interpreted as closure time of the Sm–Nd system in the area. The age of metamorphism is Late-Jurassic. The minimum intrusion age of the protolith of the granulite is likely Early Jurassic (ca. 200 Ma), but an exact intrusion age could not be derived from the data. The intrusion age of the gabbro is ca. 185 Ma. Granulite generated from mantle-derived gabbroic magmas has ɛNd200 between 6.28 and 7.05 and the gabbro that intruded the granulite has ɛNd185 between 5.89 and 6.09.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ultramafischen Xenolithe aus dem Basaltuff von Kapfenstein (Grazer Becken) bestehen großteils aus protogranularem und porphyroklastischem Spinell-Lherzolith. Abgesehen von diesen weitverbreiteten Gesteinen wurden auch ein grobköringer Spinell-Harzburgit und ein heterogener Spinell-Peridotit, der aus einem Klinopyroxen-armen Harzburgit und einem Klinopyroxen-reichen Lherzolith besteht, gefunden. Interstitielle Amphibole (Pargasit und Kaersutit) sind in den meisten Xenolithen vorhanden. Die magmatischen Prozesse, die diese Xenolithe an die Erdoberfläche befördeten, stehen mit dem mit Extension assoziierten Alkali-Basalt-Vulkanismus, der während des Pliozän/ Pleistozäns dem durch Subduktion ausgelösten Kalk-alkalischen Vulkanismus des inneren Karpathenbogens folgte, in Zusammenhang. Die mineralogischen und geochemischen Vollanalysen der Kapfensteiner Xenolithe sind mit den Daten von anderen Gruppen von subkontinentalen Xenolithen des oberen Mantels vergleichbar. Korrelationsdiagramme für Haupt- und Spurenelemente zeigen, daß die chemische Variation auf verschiedene Grade von Teilschmelzbildung zurück-zuführen ist. Die Verteilungsmuster der Seltenen Erden in Klinopyroxenen der Xenolithe sind generall LREE-verarmt, aber LREE angereichte und kompliziertere Verteilungsmuster kommen vor. Die87Sr/86Sr und143Nd/144Nd Isotopenverhältnisse der Klinopyroxene schwanken zwischen 0.70193 und 0.70330 (ɛSr = von − 36.4 bis −17.0), beziechungsweise zwischen 0.512854 und 0.513589 (ɛNd=von −4.2 bis 18.l). Die höchsten87Sr/86Sr und niedrigsten143Nd/144Nd Isotopenverhältnisse treten in den Proben mit dem stärksten refraktären Charakter und den ungewöhnlichsten REE-Verteilungsmustern auf. Die mittels Zonensonde ermittelten Gehalte an REE der interstitiellen Amphibole deuten ein Gleichgewicht mit dem Wirt-Peridotit an, obwohl auch Anzeichen von gestörtem Gleichgewicht, unter anderem extreme Anreicherungen an LREE, beobachtet wurden. Ein Vergleich der Kapfenstein-Xenolithe mit denen aus dem östlichen Transsylvanischen Becken zeigt bemerkenswerte strukturelle und einige geochemische und isotopengeochemische Ähnlichkeiten. Beide Gegenden befinden sich am Rande des Erdmantel diapirs, im Zentrum des Pannonischen Beckens. Die Deformationen und Verarmungsund Anreicherungsprozesse, die in beiden Gebieten stattfanden, sind vergleichbar. Die an LREE angereicherten interstitiellen Amphibole und das Auftreten von diskordanten Amphibolgängen legen nahe, daß der obere verarmte lithosphärische Mantel unter dem Grazer Becken von, mit den mafischen alkalischen Grund-Magmen verwandten, metasomatischen Prozessen erfaßt worden ist, und nicht von mit Subduktion assoziierten Flüssigkeiten oder Schmelzen.
    Notes: Summary Ultramafic xenoliths from the basaltic tuff of Kapfenstein (Graz Basin) are mainly protogranular and protogranular- to- porphyroclastic spinel lherzolites. In addition to these common rocks, a coarse-grained spinel harzburgite and a heterogeneous spinel peridotite consisting of a clinopyroxene-poor harzburgite and a clinopyroxene-rich lherzolite have been found. Interstitial amphiboles (pargasite and kaersutite) are present in most xenoliths. The magmatic activity which brought these xenoliths to the surface is part of the Plio-Pleistocene extension-related alkali basalt volcanism which took place in the Carpatho-Pannonian Region, post-dating the subduction-related calc-alkaline volcanism which formed the Inner Carpathian arc. Mineralogical and bulk geochemical data for Kapfenstein xenoliths are similar to those for other sub-continental shallow mantle xenolith suites. Correlation diagrams for major and trace elements indicate that their chemical variations are related to different degrees of partial melting due to the extraction of mafic melts. Rare earth element (REE) patterns of separated clinopyroxenes from the xenoliths are generally light rare earth element (LREE)-depleted, although LREE-enriched and more complex patterns have also been found.87Sr/86Sr and143Nd/.144Nd isotopic ratios of separated clinopyroxenes vary between 0.70193 and 0.70330 (ɛSr, = − 36.4 to −17.0) and 0.512824 and 0.513589 (ɛNdNd = 4.2 to 18.l), respectively. The highest87Sr/86Sr and lowest1443Nd/144Nd.Nd ratios occur in those samples which have the most refractory character and also have the most unusual REE patterns. REE determined by ion microprobe on separated interstitial amphibole grains indicate equilibrium with the host peridotite in most of the xenoliths but disequilibirum conditions have been observed, including some extreme LREE enrichments. Striking textural and some geochemical and isotope geochemical similarities have been recognised between Kapfenstein xenoliths and those from the Eastern Transylvanian Basin, both of which are situated on the edges of the diapiric upwelling located in the central part of the Pannonian Basin. The deformation, depletion and enrichment processes which occurred in these two areas are thought to be similar. The LREE-enriched interstitial amphiboles and the presence of cross-cutting amphibole veins suggest that the shallow depleted lithospheric mantle beneath the Graz Basin has been affected by metasomatising events related to the mafic alkaline host magmas rather than by subduction-related fluids or melts.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Anhydrous spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Ray Pic Quaternary alkali basalt volcano (French Massif Central) show a wide range of mineralogical and geochemical compositions, reflecting significant heterogeneities in the shallow sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Variations in modal mineralogy, mineral chem istry, REE patterns and radiogenic isotope data suggest that depletion by partial melting and enrichment by cryptic metasomatism were the major mantle processes which caused the heterogeneity. The lithospheric mantle beneath Ray Pic contains two contrasting types of peridotite: (i) lherzolites with LREE-depleted compositions, high 143Nd/144Nd, low 87Sr/86Sr and unradiogenic Pb isotope ratios; (ii) lherzolites, harzburgites and a wehrlite with LREE-enriched patterns, low 143Nd/144Nd, high 87Sr/86Sr and radiogenic Pb isotope ratios. The former closely resemble depleted MORB-source mantle. The latter are related to enrichment by recent infiltration of small degree partial melts or fluids from the asthenospheric mantle, possibly related to the “low velocity component” observed by Hoernle et al. (1995) in European Neogene alkaline magmas. Thus, the Ray Pic peridotite xenoliths represent interaction between asthenospheric mantle-derived melts/fluids and depleted lithospheric mantle. This is probably linked to the upwelling mantle plume imaged beneath the Massif Central (Granet et al. 1995). A relationship between textural deformation, equilibration temperature and geochemistry of the xenoliths suggests that the hotter (〉 900 °C) undeformed regions are LREE-enriched and tend to have more enriched isotope ratios, whereas the cooler (〈 900 °C) regions have undergone more deformation and are more depleted both in LREE and in isotope compositions.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 306 (1983), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] MOUNT Cameroon is a large (4,095 m) basanite composite volcano situated on the west African coast (Fig. 1) and is the only active member of the volcanic Cameroon line1,2. The earliest well-authenticated eruption occurred in April 1909 on the northern flank3,4 although earlier eruptions are reported ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 307 (1984), S. 697-701 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sm–Nd isotope systematics in mafic–ultramafic lavas from the Norseman–Wiluna greenstone belt, Western Australia, have been reinvestigated. A previous age based on mixing lavas and granites is not confirmed: instead, a Sm–Nd age of 3,262 ± 44 Myr is indicated for the ...
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 362 (1993), S. 530-533 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The volcanoes studied here span 1,500 km of arc length and two very different tectonic settings. In Java, oceanic lithosphere of the Indian plate is subducting beneath Eurasia at a rate7 of 6 cm yrl (Fig. 1). Flores is situated in an arc-continent collision zone and the Australian continental ...
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