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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources for a history of the ternary diagram (1996)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 29 (1996), S. 337-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-0874
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Anyone reading the literature on the history of graphs will soon realize that the use of graphie displays of any type was really quite unusual until the mid-ninetenth century and that those scientists who did make use of them are often familiar to us as creative thinkers in their own fields of endeavour. A ternary diagram (also known as a triangular diagram) is a particular type of graph which consists of an equilateral triangle in which a given plotted point represents the relative proportions (a, b, c) of three end-members (A, B and C), generally expressed as percentages and constrained by a + b + c = 100%. It has long been used to portray sample composition in terms of three constituents, or an observed colour in terms of three primary colours, because it is a convenient means of representing a three-component System in a planar projection, rather than as an isometric, or similar, view of a three-dimensional space. Recent papers suggest that its use is not as familiar to some statisticians as are other commonly used forms of graph. For example, although it was cited by Peddle in 1910 and more recently by Dickinson, it is not discussed in modern texts on statistical graphies nor in the key papers on the history of graphs. However, beginning with studies of colour-mixing in the eighteenth century, it has subsequently become widely used, particularly in geology, physical chemistry and metallurgy. In this paper, I attempt to document its gradual uptake as a standard method of data display and some of the scientific advances which its use has facilitated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000708740003449X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    History of the stereographic projection and its early use in geology (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Terra nova 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The origin of the polar and equatorial stereographic projections can be traced back to Hipparchos (d. 125 bc). The equatorial projection became an essential tool in astronomy and from the 2nd to mid-17th Century it enabled the development of the astrolabe as a navigational tool and later became important in mapmaking. Examples of equatorial stereographic nets by the astronomer al-Zarquǎlǎ (ad, 10701 and the cartographer Blaeu (1624) are illustrated. By the early 19th Century, mathematics was beginning to be applied outside the fields of astronomy, physics and mechanics. The stereographic net was first applied to mineralogy by Neumann (1823) and its use was subsequently popularized by Federov (1892), inventor of the universal microscope stage, and by the introduction of the Wulff net (1902). It also proved of considerable use in the correct interpretation by W.L. Bragg of Laue X-ray diffraction patterns of crystals which led to the development of X-ray crystallography. The Lambert (1772) equal-area projection, developed for cartographic use and subsequently termed the Schmidt net by Sander in 1925, was essential to the development of petrofabric analysis in the late 1920s. The transition to macroscopic structural analysis, which largely took place over the period 1930–55 is briefly touched upon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00779.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatio-temporal Conflict Detection and Resolution (1998)
    Springer
    Constraints 3 (1998), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Keywords: temporal and spatial reasoning methods ; scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We report on a method that uses spatio-temporal reasoning to schedule aircraft to take-off positions. The objective is to aid human controllers to detect potential conflicts which could cause hazards or delays. The challenge is to develop temporal-spatial reasoning systems that can handle complex and dynamic situations so that their results help the controllers to instruct the aircraft to move smoothly until they take off. Optimisation is secondary and sometimes not easy to measure. Although the proposed method was developed with the aircraft domain in mind, it could be applied to order the movements of interacting objects that have both expected paths and destination times (i.e., “achieve this goal, at this place, at this time”).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009728106574
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical graphics in geochemical journals (1987)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 19 (1987), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mathematical geology ; statisics ; statistical graphics ; geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative investigation of types of statistical graphics and maps being used for presentation of geochemical data has been made for the 1984 volumes ofGeochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, Chemical Geology, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Geochemistry International, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Journal of Petrology, and the 1983 volume ofOrganic Geochemistry. Although a number of significant differences exist between relative proportions of text, tables, statistical graphs and maps, and other illustrations in the various journals, overall figures are comparable broadly to those found by Cleveland (1984) in a recent survey of usage in 57 journals in natural, mathematical, and social sciences. Between 18% and 35% of 1463 graphs and maps in these journals contain at least one item of error or poor presentation, indicating the need for substantial improvement in both standards of preparation and refereeing of diagrams, and we suggest guidelines for both authors and referees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01275431
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fortran IV program for grey-level mapping of spatial data (1971)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 95-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: data processing ; mapping plotting ; statistics ; general geology ; geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Afortran iv computer program for grey-level mapping of spatial data using a CDC 6600 is described. The program produces maps for irregularly distributed data in as many as 10 intensity levels which are displayed in grey tones by a lineprinter. Unlimited map size and unrestricted data input provide for as many as 5000 data points per 13-in.-wide strip of map. The program is easily modified for other installations. Examples are given of geochemical analyses of stream sediments in Northern Ireland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02045955
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fortran iv program for grey-level mapping of spatial data (1972)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 275-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02311726
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  • 7
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    Understanding the nature of meteorites: the experimental work of Gabriel-Auguste Daubree (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 256: 101-122.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The French geologist, mineralogist and experimental petrologist, Gabriel-Auguste Daubree (1814-1896) was a leading scientist of his generation, possibly best known today for his application of the experimental method to structural geology. During his tenure of the Chair of Geology at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, to which he was appointed in 1861, he played a leading role in expanding its meteorite collection, developing a classification system for meteorites (1867), and using both petrological (1863-1868) and mechanical (1876-1879) experiments to gain a greater understanding of their chemical composition and how their physical attributes had arisen. This led him to believe in the cosmic' importance of peridotites and their hydrated equivalent, serpentine' (serpentinite), that the Earth might be unusual in having an oxygen-rich atmosphere and oceans, and that planetary bodies probably had a shell-like structure, increasing in density towards a nickeliferous iron core. (His ideas led to Eduard Seuss's SiAl-SiMa-NiFe model of the Earth.) Following the discovery, by the explorer Nils Nordenskiold in 1870, of native' irons apparently associated with basalts at Disko Island, West Greenland, Daubree took part in the subsequent investigation and the vigorous debate concerning their terrestrial or meteoritic origin. ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
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  • 8
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    From graphical display to dynamic model: mathematical geology in the Earth sciences in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (2002)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 192: 59-97.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: Graphical displays were used early in geophysics and crystallography, mineralogy, petrology and structural geology by the early 1800s, but nineteenth-century geology obstinately remained mainly descriptive. Charles Lyell's quantitative classification of the Tertiary Sub-Era in 1828 was a notable exception. Nevertheless, by 1920 the quantitative approach had become established. W. C. Krumbein, who introduced the computer into geology in 1958, encouraged use of probabilistic sampling and process-response models. Early work focused on databases, statistical data analysis and display. By the 1970s, stochastic simulation, deterministic modelling and spatial geostatistics' (pioneered by Matheron and his co-workers), were of growing importance. The introduction of the personal computer and the graphical user interface in the 1980s brought well-proven quantitative methods out of the research environment onto the workbench and into the field. Since the mid-1980s, the analysis, display and modelling of behaviour in three dimensions, underpinned by spatial statistics, computational fluid-flow, visualization technology, etc., has proved of economic benefit to mining, petroleum geology and hydrogeology. Other, computationally intensive, methods likely to be of importance in the Earth sciences are the application of robust' statistical methods, increasing use of Bayesian methods in uncertainty (risk) estimation (as a result of a renewed interest in statistical intervals and forecasting), and computational mineralogy.
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  • 9
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    Statistics For Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy: A Robust Lowess Fit to the Marine Sr‐Isotope Curve For 0 to 206 Ma, With Look‐Up Table For Derivation of Numeric Age (1997)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by University of Chicago Press
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  • 10
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    History of the stereographic projection and its early use in geology (1996)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0954-4879
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3121
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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