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  • 1
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    Capturing Wealth from Tuna (2023)
    ANU Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: The Western and Central Pacific Ocean is home to the largest tuna fishery in the world - around half of the world's tuna supply - and is a vital economic resource for Pacific island countries. The potential of the Pacific tuna fishery to contribute to economic development in the Pacific island countries is enormous, but will require a cooperative regional strategy to maximise access fees from distant water fishing nations, as well as targeted domestic policy and legislation to encourage local fishing industries. Together with the importance of acting strategically with regard to such a variable resource, the lesson of fisheries management globally is that it is most effective when it takes into consideration social, cultural and political contexts. Based on an extensive study of six Pacific island states, Capturing Wealth from Tuna maps out the aspirations and limitations of six Pacific island countries and proposes strategies for capturing more wealth from this resource in a sustainable and socially equitable manner.
    Keywords: Ecology & Evolutionary Biology ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNA Agribusiness and primary industries::KNAT Extractive industries ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Capturing the Wealth From Tuna: case stude's from the Pacific (2021)
    ANU Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-28
    Description: The Western and Central Pacific Ocean is home to the largest tuna fishery in the world – around half of the world’s tuna supply – and is a vital economic resource for Pacific island countries. The potential of the Pacific tuna fishery to contribute to economic development in the Pacific island countries is enormous, but will require a cooperative regional strategy to maximise access fees from distant water fishing nations, as well as targeted domestic policy and legislation to encourage local fishing industries. Together with the importance of acting strategically with regard to such a variable resource, the lesson of fisheries management globally is that it is most effective when it takes into consideration social, cultural and political contexts. Based on an extensive study of six Pacific island states, Capturing Wealth from Tuna maps out the aspirations and limitations of six Pacific island countries and proposes strategies for capturing more wealth from this resource in a sustainable and socially equitable manner.
    Keywords: economic aspects ; law and legislation ; island of the pacific ; fishing ; Fiji ; Kiribati ; Longline fishing ; Marshall Islands ; Papua New Guinea ; Seine fishing ; Solomon Islands ; Tuna ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulite facies metasomatism: zoned calc-silicate boudins from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica (1993)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 113 (1993), S. 557-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Calc-silicate boudins from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica, were metamorphosed under granulite facies conditions during late Proterozoic (ca. 1,000 Ma) M3 metamorphism. Boudin cores contain low to moderate aCO 2 assemblages including wollastonite, grossularandradite (grandite) garnet, clinopyroxene, scapolite, plagioclase, quartz±calcite. Petrological and stable isotopic evidence suggests that these core assemblages resulted from pre-peak M3 infiltration of water-rich fluids; there is no evidence for a pervasive fluid phase under peak M3 conditions. The boudins are separated from the surrounding Fe-rich pelites and semi-pelites by a series of concentric, high-variance reaction zones developed under peak M3 conditions. Variations in mineral assemblage, mineral composition and whole rock composition across these zones suggest that they formed by diffusional masstransfer, controlled principally by a chemical potential gradient in Ca across the original calc-silicate-paragneiss lithological boundary. As a consequence of the nearcomplete decarbonation of the calc-silicatesbefore the M3 peak, development of the diffusion-controlled reaction zones did not liberate significant CO2 during granulite facies metamorphism. Similar calcite-poor, low aCO 2 calc-silicate horizons in other granulite facies terrains are unlikely to have been important local fluid sources during deep crustal metamorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698323
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in stable isotope ratios of metapelites and marbles during regional metamorphism, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia: implications for crustal scale fluid flow (1995)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 120 (1995), S. 292-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Mount Lofty Ranges comprises interlayered marbles, metapsammites, and metapelites that underwent regional metamorphism during the Delamarian Orogeny at 470–515 Ma. Peak metamorphic conditions increased from lowermost biotite grade (∼350–400°C) to migmatite grade (∼700°C) over 50–55 km parallel to the lithological strike of the rocks. With increasing metamorphic grade, δ18O values of “normal” metapelites decrease from 14–16‰ to as low as 9.0‰, while δ18O values of calcite in “normal” marbles decrease from 22–24‰ to as low as 13.2‰ These isotopic changes are far greater than can be accounted for by devolatilisation, implying widespread fluid-rock interaction. Contact metamorphism appears not to have affected the terrain, suggesting that fluid flow occurred during regional metamorphism. Down-temperature fluid flow from synmetamorphic granite plutons (δ18O=8.4–8.6‰) that occur at the highest metamorphic grades is unlikely to explain the resetting of oxygen isotopes because: (a) there is a paucity of skarns at granite-metasediment contacts; (b) the marbles generally do not contain low-XCO2 mineral assemblages; (c) there is insufficient granite to provide the required volumes of water; (d) the marbles and metapelites retain a several permil difference in δ18O values, even at high metamorphic grades. The oxygen isotope resetting may be accounted for by along-strike up-temperature fluid flow during regional metamorphism with time-integrated fluid fluxes of up to 5x109 moles/m2 (∼105 m3/m2). If fluid flow occurred over 105–106 years, estimated intrinsic permeabilities are 10-20 to 10-16m2. Variations in δ18O at individual outcrops suggest that time-integrated fluid fluxes and intrinsic permeabilities may locally have varied by at least an order of magnitude. A general increase in XCO2 values of marble assemblages with metamorphic grade is also consistent with the up-temperature fluid-flow model. Fluids in the metapelites may have been derived from these rocks by devolatilisation at low metamorphic grades; however, fluids in the marbles were probably derived in part from the surrounding siliceous rocks. The marble-metapelite boundaries preserve steep gradients in both δ18O and XCO2 values, suggesting that across-strike fluid fluxes were much lower than those parallel to strike. Up-temperature fluid flow may also have formed orthoamphibole rocks and caused melting of the metapelites at high grades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306509
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Millimetre-scale variation in metamorphic permeability of marbles during transient fluid flow: an example from the Reynolds Range, central Australia (2000)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 140 (2000), S. 163-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Upper Calc-Silicate Unit of the Reynolds Range, central Australia, contains marbles with centimetre-wide layers of metamorphosed marls. Wollastonite-bearing marbles record fluid infiltration by water-rich fluids (XCO2=0.1–0.3) at 650–700 °C and 300–400 MPa during cooling from granulite-facies metamorphism at ∼1.6 Ga. The pattern of fluid flow recorded by stable isotope ratios of calcite, the distribution of wollastonite, and calcite luminescence is heterogeneous on a millimetre-scale. Calcite from decimetre-size hand specimens has δ18O values and δ13C values that vary by up to 10 and 12‰, respectively. The lowest δ18O and δ13C values are centred on millimetre-wide grandite-rich skarn zones, whereas higher values characterise relict calcite that co-exists with quartz. The variation in δ18O values together with related δ13C variations and the abundance of wollastonite may be used to determine the distribution of zones of higher and lower permeability. Skarn zones and regions of low δ18O values at marl–marble contacts mark channels of fluid flow. Fluid flow at the contacts was promoted by the rheological contrast and by the juxtaposition of calcite (in the marble) and quartz (in the marl) that could form abundant wollastonite via the reaction: calcite + quartz=wollastonite + CO2. This reaction results in a large negative volume change, and fluid flow may have been concentrated in a small number of channels once they were established, provided that fluid pressures were sufficient to overcome compaction. Some isolated skarn zones and low δ18O regions within the marbles may be located at the intersections of fractures that would have also been zones of high permeability. The formation of large volumes (〉15–20%) of wollastonite within the marble layers requires that silica metasomatism via the reaction calcite + SiO2(aq)=wollastonite + CO2 has occurred, and the grandite skarns record metasomatic addition of Fe. These metasomatic reactions have positive volume changes that would have sealed existing fluid flow channels, allowing new channels to develop elsewhere in the rock. Preservation of steep stable isotope gradients suggests that fluid flow occurred over only a few thousand years after which the rocks were fluid absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100000180
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The timing of high-temperature retrogression in the Reynolds Range, central Australia: constraints from garnet and epidote Pb-Pb dating (1999)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 135 (1999), S. 244-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lower Calcsilicate Unit metasediments and underlying migmatitic Napperby Gneiss metagranite at Conical Hill in the Reynolds Range, central Australia, underwent regional high-grade (∼680 to 720 °C), low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism at 1594 ± 6 Ma. The Lower Calcsilicate Unit is extensively quartz veined and epidotised, and discordant grandite garnet + epidote quartz veins may be traced over tens of metres depth into pegmatites that pooled at the Lower Calcsilicate Unit-Napperby Gneiss contact. The quartz veins were probably precipitated by water-rich fluids that exsolved from partial melts derived from the Napperby Gneiss during cooling from the peak of regional metamorphism to the wet granite solidus. Pb stepwise leaching (PbSL) on garnet from three discordant quartz veins yielded comparable single mineral isochrons of 1566 ± 32 Ma, 1576 ± 3 Ma and 1577 ± 5 Ma, which are interpreted as the age of garnet growth in the veins. These dates are in good agreement with previous Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) ages of zircon and monazite formed during high-temperature retrogression (1586 ± 5 to 1568 ± 4 Ma) elsewhere in the Reynolds Range. The relatively small age difference between peak metamorphism and retrograde veining suggests that partial melting and melt crystallisation controlled fluid recycling in the high-grade rocks. However, PbSL experiments on epidote intergrown with, and partially replacing, garnet in two of the veins yielded isochrons of 1454 ± 34 and 1469 ± 26 Ma. The ∼100–120 Ma age difference between intergrown garnet and late epidote from the same vein suggests that the vein systems may have experienced multiple episodes of fluid flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050510
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal control of fluid compositions in amphibolite-facies scapolitic calc-silicates, Mary Kathleen, Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 111 (1992), S. 94-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Unaltered metasediments of the Mary Kathleen Fold Belt are composed predominantly of layered amphibolite-facies scapolitic calc-silicate rocks in which minimal infiltration of externally derived fluids occurred during regional metamorphism. There were substantial differences in volatile activities between different layers in the layered sequences, in particular: a CO2/a H 2 O inferred from reaction progress estimates and analysis of biotite-clinopyroxene-fluid phase relations; a NaCl/a H 2 O inferred from scapolite compositions; and a HCl/a H 2 O inferred from biotite compositions. In one outcrop in which a clinopyroxene-producing reaction dominated, differences in approximate X CO 2of up to 0.25 occurred between several samples collected over 50 metres. Variations in a H 2 O/a HCl of up to one order of magnitude are inferred at 1 to 50 m scales from biotite-Cl contents, and variations in NaCl contents of scapolite from 0.0 to up to 0.6 Cl atoms in the Cl−CO3−SO4 site reflect a large variation of a NaCl in the coexisting fluid at similar scales. Most calcsilicate layers internally buffered fluid compositions in the H2O−CO2−NaCl−HCl system. Local occurrences of NaCl-rich scapolite suggest that some layers may have been in equilibrium with halite during early prograde metamorphism. At peak metamorphic temperatures, disolution of halite was complete but layers containing high-NaCl scapolite continued to buffer fluid at high values of a NaCl. Fluid immiscibility does not appear to have affected the progress of the devolatilization reactions. Although fluid was predominantly internally buffered, moderate quantities of fluid were released by prograde mineral reactions in many layers, up to 30 cm3 fluid per 100 cm3 rock. Numerous episodes of fluid escape were required, probably via microfractures, such that the released fluid did not obviously influence reaction progress in the layers through which it passed. The anomaly of beautifully preserved internal buffering signatures and the requirement for produced fluid locally to pass across layers in a deforming rock sequence suggest that the escaping fluid did not leave any readily observable tracks. This is explained by rapid rates of fracture propogation and fluid migration therein. This internally buffered system contrasts strongly with adjacent calc-silicate rocks that show evidence for infiltration of externally derived fluids at high fluid/rock ratios, and highlights the broad range of fluid behaviour that can be expected in deforming, heterogeneous rock sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296581
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid-rock interaction between syenites and marbles at Stephen Cross Quarry, Québec, Canada: petrological and stable isotope data (1993)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 113 (1993), S. 533-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Grenville dolomitic marbles and calc-silicates at Stephen Cross Quarry, Québec, underwent contact metamorphism and metasomatism associated with the intrusion of the Wakefield syenite at ambient pressures of ∼0.4GPa at 1090–1070Ma. Fluid infiltration produced exoskarns, calcite+periclase+forsterite±diopside±orthoclase assemblages in the marbles, and quartz±calcite±wollastonite±diopside±anorthite assemblages in the calc-silicates. Phase-equilibria in the CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2−H2O−CO2 system suggest that fluid infiltration occurred close to the thermal peak of contact metamorphism (715–815°C) and that the fluids hadXCO2≤0.15. In the metasediments, δ18O values of calcite (Cc) are as low as 8.6‰, suggesting that the fluids were in isotopic equilibrium with the syenites (δ18O =8.8–10.2‰). Marble δ13C(Cc) values are-0.1 to-3.2‰; the lack of correlation between δ13C(Cc) and δ18O(Cc) is consistent with the infiltration of water-rich fluids. The resetting of stable isotopes and the mineralogical changes can be explained by time-integrated fluid fluxes of up to 110 m3/m2 (4×106 mol/m2), corresponding to actual fluxes of 3×10-11 to 3×10-12 m3/m2-s and intrinsic permeabilities of 10-18 to 10-20 m2 for fluid flow lasting 0.1-1Ma. Marble δ18O(Cc) values do not correlate well with distance from the syenite, and fluids were probably channelled across lithological layering. The correlation between the degree of resetting of marble δ18O(Cc) values with the abundance of submillimetre-wide veins, suggests that fluid focussing may have resulted from variations in fracture density. Late, lower temperature (〈500°C), fluid flow formed serpentine (Serp) and brucite (Br) from periclase and forsterite. δ18O(Br) and δ18O(Scrp) values correlate with δ18O(Cc), suggesting that retrogression involved only limited volumes of fluid. The observation that Δ18O(Cc-Br) and Δ18O(Cc-Serp) values are higher in marbles that have lower Δ18O(Cc) values is interpreted as indicating that fluid flow persisted to lower temperatures in those rocks due to higher intrinsic permeabilities. Calcite in the syenite was also formed by the influx of fluids during cooling. Syenite Δ18O(Cc) values are approximately in isotopic equilibrium with the high-temperature silicate minerals, suggesting that again only minor volumes of fluid were involved. In detail fluid flow was prolonged and complex, creating problems for the application of quantitative fluid flow models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698321
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid flow in marbles at Jervois, central Australia: oxygen isotope disequilibrium and zoning produced by decoupling of mineralogical and isotopic resetting (1997)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 128 (1997), S. 335-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Jervois region of the Arunta Inlier, central Australia, contains para- and orthogneisses that underwent low-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism (P = 200–300 MPa, T = 520–600 °C). Marble layers cut by metre-wide quartz + garnet ± epidote veins comprise calcite, quartz, epidote, clinopyroxene, grandite garnet, and locally wollastonite. The marbles also contain locally discordant decimetre-thick garnet and epidote skarn layers. The mineral assemblages imply that the rocks were infiltrated by water-rich fluids (XCO2 = 0.1–0.3) at ∼600 °C. The fluids were probably derived from the quartz-garnet vein systems that represent conduits for fluids exsolved from crystallizing pegmatites emplaced close to the metamorphic peak. At one locality, the marble has calcite (Cc) δ18O values of 9–18‰ and garnet (Gnt) δ18O values of 10–14‰. The δ18O(Gnt) values are only poorly correlated with δ18O(Cc), and the δ18O values of some garnet cores are higher than the rims. The isotopic disequilibrium indicates that garnet grew before the δ18O values of the rock were reset. The marbles contain  ≤15% garnet and, for water-rich fluids, garnet-forming reactions are predicted to propagate faster than O-isotopes are reset. The Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb ages of garnets imply that fluid flow occurred at 1750–1720 Ma. There are no significant age differences between garnet cores and rims, suggesting that fluid flow was relatively rapid. Texturally late epidote has δ18O values of 1.5–6.2‰ implying δ18O(H2O) values of 2–7‰. Waters with such low-δ18O values are probably at least partly meteoric in origin, and the epidote may be recording the late influx of meteoric water into a cooling hydrothermal system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050313
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resetting of oxybarometers and oxygen isotope ratios in granulite facies orthogneisses during cooling and shearing, Adirondack Mountains, New York (1993)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 113 (1993), S. 208-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The petrography, petrology, and oxygenisotope geochemistry of granulite-facies granitic and syenitic orthogneisses of the Diana and Stark complexes, Adirondack Mountains, New York, show that the extent and nature of resetting of isotopic and mineralogic systems is highly variable. There is a strong correlation between retrogression and shearing, and the rocks may be divided texturally into: (1) unsheared lithologies that preserve little-retrogressed pyroxene-or hornblendebearing peak-metamorphic mineralogies; and (2) sheared rocks that underwent retrogression, marked by the growth of late biotite, in centimetre-to metre-wide shear zones after the peak of metamorphism. Oxygen fugacities in the unsheared lithologies were estimated for reintegrated mineral compositions from magnetiteilmenite (Mt-Ilm) and ferrosilite-magnetic-quartz (Fs-Mt-Qtz) equilibria. Mt-Ilm yields logfO2Mt-Ilm values of-15.9 to-17.6 (0.6 to 1.3 log units below the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, FMQ) and temperatures of 670–745°C that agree with those from other geothermometry and phase equilibria studies. These data suggest that, aside from oxyexsolution of ilmenite from magnetite, the Fe-Ti system underwent only minor resetting during cooling, and the Fe-Ti oxides yield good estimates of peak-metamorphic temperatures and fO2. In unsheared ilmenite + magnetite + orthopyroxene + quartz assemblages, values of logfO2Mt-Ilm are lower than logfO2Fs-Mt-Qtz by an average of 0.6 when the orthopyroxene activity model of Sack and Ghiorso is used. Minor resetting of the Fe-Ti oxides, analytical errors, and errors in the placement of end-member reactions probably account for this relatively small difference in fO2 values. Whole-rock δ18O values of unsheared Diana and Stark lithologies range from 4.0 to 10.3‰ reflecting pre-regional metamorphic oxygen-isotope ratios. Peak-metamorphic minerals preserve high-temperature oxygen-isotope fractionations, and, in many samples, the effective diffusion of oxygen in minerals ceased at higher temperatures than predicted from wet experimental diffusion data. These data suggest that the rocks did not contain an aqueous fluid phase during cooling. The combination of petrologic, isotopic, and textural data also permits a detailed study of shearing and retrogression. Ilmenites in the sheared lithologies underwent greater degrees of hematite loss than in the unsheared rocks, resulting in logfO2Mt-Ilm values as low as-24.1 (3.1 log units below FMQ) and Mt-Ilm temperatures that are up to 175°C below regional estimates. Sheared rocks also have higher δ18O values (up to 13.3‰). During shearing, δ18O values of biotite, K-feldspar, and magnetite reset readily, while the degree of isotopic resetting of quartz correlates with the intensity for recrystallization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283229
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