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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Reservoir Quality of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks : Analysis, Modelling and Prediction (2018)
    London : The Geological Society
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(435)
    In: Geological Society Special Publication
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Reservoir quality is studied using a wide range of similar techniques in both sandstones and carbonates. Sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality both benefit from the study of modern analogues and experiments, but modelling approaches are currently quite different for these two types of reservoirs. There are many common controls on sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality, but also distinct differences due primarily to mineralogy. Numerous controversies remain including the question of oil inhibition, the key control on pressure solution and geochemical flux of material to or from reservoirs. This collection of papers contains case-study-based examples of sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality prediction as well as modern analogue, outcrop analogue, modelling and advanced analytical approaches.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 453 Seiten , farbige Abbildungen, Tabellen, Grafiken
    ISBN: 978-1-78620-139-3
    Series Statement: Geological Society Special Publication 435
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/435/1
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/specpubgsl/435/1.toc.pdf
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mudstones of the Tanqua Basin, South Africa: an analysis of lateral and stratigraphic variations within mudstones, and a comparison of mudstones within and between turbidite fans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Sedimentology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Permian deep-water mudstones in the Tanqua Basin, South Africa, have been studied using geochemical and spectral gamma ray techniques. The mudstones occur as thick sequences between sand-rich submarine fans, but also occur as thinner mud-rich units within each fan. The interfan mudstones are interpreted to have accumulated during transgression and the consequent period of relatively high sea-level, while the submarine fans and their intrafan mudstones were deposited during regression and relatively low sea-level. Geochemical analyses revealed systematic differences between interfan and intrafan mudstones because the two types of mudstones have slightly different source lithologies. Differences between the two types of mudstone suggest that changes in relative sea-level played a role in controlling exposure of sediment source areas. There are geochemical signals that display systematic stratigraphic trends within both interfan and intrafan mudstones. These are best explained by gradual denudation, exposure and weathering of different lithologies within a single sediment source area. Both interfan and intrafan mudstones have uniform geochemical signals along the flow direction except for the relative amount of uranium. It is most likely that the basinward increase in uranium in the mudstones is the result of reduced clastic dilution of uranium-bearing pelagic fallout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00633.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of crystallography and kinetics on phengite breakdown reactions in a low-pressure metamorphic aureole (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 110 (1992), S. 329-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A natural example of phengite that had undergone partial thermal decomposition at a pressure of about 0.5 kbar and a temperature of about 680° C in a contact aureole was exmined in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Partially pseudomorphed phengites were found to consist of combinations of phengite, biotite, K-feldspar, mullite, sillimanite, spinel and cordierite. Different areas within individual, partially pseudomorphed, phengite grains show various degrees of reaction and different reaction products; the cores are the least reacted and the margins have reacted most. In the cores the assemblage Al-, Mg-enriched phengite+biotite +K-feldspar+mullite±spinel has formed, whereas the assemblage K-feldspar+mullite+sillimanite+spinel +biotite+cordierite has formed at the edges. According to our thermodynamic calculations, the breakdown of phengite should have produced cordierite+spinel +corundum+K-feldspar in regions isolated from the influx of SiO2 and cordierite+andalusite+quartz+K-feldspar in regions near the edge of the grains that were essentially saturated with SiO2. Chemical equilibrium was not achieved in any part of the partially pseudomorphed phengites on a micron scale or larger. Breakdown theoretically should have been complete by about 550° C; the reaction temperature was overstepped by at least 130° C for 20–25 years. The variations in the degree and type of reaction are probably due partly to the availability of suitable nucleation sites in different regions, partly to the need to remove H2O from reaction sites and partly to the influence of SiO2, which diffused into the grains during metamorphism. The presence of SiO2 lowers the equilibrium temperatures. Thus there is a higher driving force for breakdown near the grain boundaries than in the cores. Most of the products show an orientation relationship with the parent phengite and have consistent habit planes; they have their closest-packed planes and closest-packed directions parallel to one another and to those of phengite. Such relationships minimize the strain and surface energies at nucleation and favour most rapid nucleation and growth of the reaction products. The great structural similarity of biotite to phengite resulted in its having the highest rate of nucleation and growth of any product and it occurred in all areas of the phengite pseudomorphs studied. Mullite and sillimanite were produced metastably. Mullite has more rapid nucleation kinetics than other aluminosilicates because it is structurally disordered. Sillimanite formed rather than andalusite in regions of the partially pseudomorphed phengites where the reaction reached an advanced stage, because the reaction from phengite to andalusite requires an energetically unfavourable change in aluminium co-ordination state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310748
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  • 4
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    Fabric development and the smectite to illite transition in Upper Cretaceous mudstones from the North Sea: an image Analysis Approach (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 249: 103-114.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: In this study, Upper Cretaceous Shetland Group mudstone cuttings from a range of depths in the Northern North Sea, have been studied using X-ray diffraction, mercury porosimetry and electron microscopy. Millimetre to micrometre mudstone textures have been quantified using image analysis of backscattered electron microscope images. Relatively shallow samples (1615 m) have isotropic mudstone fabric (no alignment of clay minerals), are dominated by smectite and have porosity values of approximately 35%. In contrast, more deeply buried samples (3300 m) have developed an anisotropic fabric (distinct alignment of clay minerals), are dominated by illite and have porosity values of approximately 22%. The change in mineralogy is due to smectite replacement by illite, which occurs simultaneously with porosity-loss and fabric development during progressive burial. Image analysis of differentially buried mudstones has proved to be a rapid, flexible and quantitative method for characterizing mudstone textures. The coincidence of mineralogical evolution with textural development and compaction implies that the transformation of smectite to illite occurs by dissolution and precipitation and that chemically facilitated compaction may contribute to porosity loss.
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  • 5
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    Comparing clay mineral diagenesis in interbedded sandstones and mudstones, Vienna Basin, Austria (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-22
    Description: There is no consensus about the rate and style of clay mineral diagenesis in progressively buried sandstones v. interbedded mudstones. The diagenetic evolution of interbedded Miocene sandstones and mudstones from the Vienna Basin (Austria) has therefore been compared using core-based studies, petrography, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. There was a common provenance for the coarse- and fine-grained sediments, and the primary depositional environment of the host sediment had no direct effect on illitization. The sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses dominated by framework grains of quartz, altered feldspars and carbonate rock fragments. Sandstone porosity has been reduced by quartz overgrowths and calcite cement; their pore-filling authigenic clay minerals consist of mixed-layer illite–smectite, illite, kaolinite and chlorite. In sandstones, smectite illitization progresses with depth; at 2150 m there is a transition from randomly interstratified to regular interstratified illite–smectite. The overall mineralogy of mudstones is surprisingly similar to the sandstones. However, for a given depth, feldspars are more altered to kaolinite, and smectite illitization is more advanced in sandstones than in mudstones. The higher permeability of sandstones allowed faster movement of material and pore fluid necessary for illitization and feldspar alteration than in mudstones. The significance of this work is that it has shown that open-system diagenesis is important for some clay mineral diagenetic reactions in sandstones, while closed-system diagenesis seems to operate for clay mineral diagenesis in mudstones.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 6
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    Deformation band development as a function of intrinsic host-rock properties in Triassic Sherwood Sandstone (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Deformation bands significantly alter the local petrophysical properties of sandstone reservoirs, although it is not known how the intrinsically variable characteristics of sandstones (e.g. grain size, sorting and mineralogy) influence the nature and distribution of deformation bands. To address this, cataclastic deformation bands within fine- and coarse-grained Triassic Sherwood Sandstone at Thurstaston, UK were analysed, for the first time, using a suite of petrographical techniques, outcrop studies, helium porosimetry and image analysis. Deformation bands are more abundant in the coarse-grained sandstone than in the underlying fine-grained sandstone. North- and south-dipping conjugate sets of cataclastic bands in the coarse-grained sandstone broadly increase in density (defined by number/m 2 ) when approaching faults. Microstructural analysis revealed that primary grain size controls deformation band density. Deformation bands in both coarse and fine sandstones led to significantly reduced porosity, and so can represent barriers or baffles to lateral fluid flow. Microstructural data show preferential cataclasis of K-feldspar grains within the host rock and deformation band. The study is of direct relevance to the prediction of reservoir quality in several petroleum-bearing Lower Triassic reservoirs in the near offshore, as deformation band development occurred prior to Carboniferous source-rock maturation and petroleum migration.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 7
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    How Porosity and Permeability Vary Spatially With Grain Size, Sorting, Cement Volume, and Mineral Dissolution In Fluvial Triassic Sandstones: The Value of Geostatistics and Local Regression (2011)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: Although it is well known that sandstone porosity and permeability are controlled by a range of parameters such as grain size and sorting, amount, type, and location of diagenetic cements, extent and type of compaction, and the generation of intergranular and intragranular secondary porosity, it is less constrained how these controlling parameters link up in rock volumes (within and between beds) and how they spatially interact to determine porosity and permeability. To address these unknowns, this study examined Triassic fluvial sandstone outcrops from the UK using field logging, probe permeametry of 200 points, and sampling at 100 points on a gridded rock surface. These field observations were supplemented by laser particle-size analysis, thin-section point-count analysis of primary and diagenetic mineralogy, quantitative XRD mineral analysis, and SEM/EDAX analysis of all 100 samples. These data were analyzed using global regression, variography, kriging, conditional simulation, and geographically weighted regression to examine the spatial relationships between porosity and permeability and their potential controls. The results of bivariate analysis (global regression) of the entire outcrop dataset indicate only a weak correlation between both permeability porosity and their diagenetic and depositional controls and provide very limited information on the role of primary textural structures such as grain size and sorting. Subdividing the dataset further by bedding unit revealed details of more local controls on porosity and permeability. An alternative geostatistical approach combined with a local modeling technique (geographically weighted regression; GWR) subsequently was used to examine the spatial variability of porosity and permeability and their controls. The use of GWR does not require prior knowledge of divisions between bedding units, but the results from GWR broadly concur with results of regression analysis by bedding unit and provide much greater clarity of how porosity and permeability and their controls vary laterally and vertically. The close relationship between depositional lithofacies in each bed, diagenesis, permeability, and porosity demonstrates that each influences the other, and in turn how understanding of reservoir properties is enhanced by integration of paleoenvironmental reconstruction, stratigraphy, mineralogy, and geostatistics.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 8
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    Dolomitization of Gas Reservoirs: The Upper Permian Changxing and Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formations, Northeast Sichuan Basin, China (2014)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-15
    Description: A bstract :  The Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation, and to a lesser extent the Upper Permian Changxing Formation, contain more than ten giant, recently discovered dolomite gas fields on either side of a paleo-embayment (Kaijiang–Liangping Bay), Sichuan Basin, China. This study documents the origin of the dolomite using a combination of petrology, fluid-inclusion, trace-element geochemistry, and stable-isotope and radiogenic-isotope analysis of samples from outcrop and core samples from producing gas fields. Three stages of dolomitization are revealed. Dolomicrite from the lagoon facies in the Feixianguan Formation and minor fabric-retentive dolomite from reef facies in the Changxing Formation on the northeast side of Kaijiang–Liangping Bay represent the initial dolomite phase, caused by reflux of Feixianguan brine, with salinity close to gypsum saturation (~ 18 wt % salinity), during the first stage of diagenesis at 30°C. The second and dominant dolomite phase (fabric-retentive dolomite), in both the Feixianguan and Changxing formations on the both sides of Kaijiang–Liangping Bay, is the result of reflux of diagenetic fluids with salinity ranging from normal Feixianguan seawater (3.5% salinity) up to mesohaline water (6.5% salinity) during early burial diagenesis at about 35–40°C, as shown by the dominance of single-phase aqueous inclusions, shallow-formed stylolites that cut the second phase of dolomite, and the Early Triassic marine carbon, oxygen, and strontium-isotope, and rare-earth-element and yttrium (REE + Y) signals. The subordinate third dolomite phase (fabric-obliterative dolomite and dolomite cement) was due to burial diagenetic recrystallization between 80 and 140°C in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations on both sides of Kaijiang–Liangping Bay. The third phase of dolomitization involved water expelled from the slightly younger Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation marine evaporites and carbonates on the northeast side of Kaijiang–Liangping Bay, revealed by the high-salinity of the aqueous inclusions that homogenize at 80 to 140°C and elevated strontium-isotope data. The carbon-isotope and REE + Y signals of the third phase of dolomite are similar to earlier dolomite cements confirming the lack of exotic input. Future exploration should be focused on dolomitized, high-energy sediments (e.g., reef and oolitic shoal and bank) in similar Triassic Tethyan-paleogeographic settings that are associated with restricted facies, but underlying dolomitized high-energy Permian strata may also be good exploration targets.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 9
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    Improved imaging and analysis of chlorite in reservoirs and modern day analogues: new insights for reservoir quality and provenance (2018)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Chlorite is a key mineral in the control of reservoir quality in many siliciclastic rocks. In deeply buried reservoirs, chlorite coats on sand grains prevent the growth of quartz cements and lead to anomalously good reservoir quality. By contrast, an excess of chlorite – for example, in clay-rich siltstone and sandstone – leads to blocked pore throats and very low permeability. Determining which compositional type is present, how it occurs spatially, and quantifying the many and varied habits of chlorite that are of commercial importance remains a challenge. With the advent of automated techniques based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is possible to provide instant phase identification and mapping of entire thin sections of rock. The resulting quantitative mineralogy and rock fabric data can be compared with well logs and core analysis data. We present here a completely novel Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®) SEM–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) methodology to differentiate, quantify and image 11 different compositional types of chlorite based on Fe : Mg ratios using thin sections of rocks and grain mounts of cuttings or loose sediment. No other analytical technique, or combination of techniques, is capable of easily quantifying and imaging different compositional types of chlorite. Here we present examples of chlorite from seven different geological settings analysed using QEMSCAN® SEM–EDS. By illustrating the reliability of identification under automated analysis, and the ability to capture realistic textures in a fully digital format, we can clearly visualize the various forms of chlorite. This new approach has led to the creation of a digital chlorite library, in which we have co-registered optical and SEM-based images, and validated the mineral identification with complimentary techniques such as X-ray diffraction. This new methodology will be of interest and use to all those concerned with the identification and formation of chlorite in sandstones and the effects that diagenetic chlorite growth may have had on reservoir quality. The same approach may be adopted for other minerals (e.g. carbonates) with major element compositional variability that may influence the porosity and permeability of sandstone reservoirs.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 10
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    Improved imaging and analysis of chlorite in reservoirs and modern day analogues: new insights for reservoir quality and provenance (2018)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Chlorite is a key mineral in the control of reservoir quality in many siliciclastic rocks. In deeply buried reservoirs, chlorite coats on sand grains prevent the growth of quartz cements and lead to anomalously good reservoir quality. By contrast, an excess of chlorite – for example, in clay-rich siltstone and sandstone – leads to blocked pore throats and very low permeability. Determining which compositional type is present, how it occurs spatially, and quantifying the many and varied habits of chlorite that are of commercial importance remains a challenge. With the advent of automated techniques based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is possible to provide instant phase identification and mapping of entire thin sections of rock. The resulting quantitative mineralogy and rock fabric data can be compared with well logs and core analysis data. We present here a completely novel Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®) SEM–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) methodology to differentiate, quantify and image 11 different compositional types of chlorite based on Fe : Mg ratios using thin sections of rocks and grain mounts of cuttings or loose sediment. No other analytical technique, or combination of techniques, is capable of easily quantifying and imaging different compositional types of chlorite. Here we present examples of chlorite from seven different geological settings analysed using QEMSCAN® SEM–EDS. By illustrating the reliability of identification under automated analysis, and the ability to capture realistic textures in a fully digital format, we can clearly visualize the various forms of chlorite. This new approach has led to the creation of a digital chlorite library, in which we have co-registered optical and SEM-based images, and validated the mineral identification with complimentary techniques such as X-ray diffraction. This new methodology will be of interest and use to all those concerned with the identification and formation of chlorite in sandstones and the effects that diagenetic chlorite growth may have had on reservoir quality. The same approach may be adopted for other minerals (e.g. carbonates) with major element compositional variability that may influence the porosity and permeability of sandstone reservoirs.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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